tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78398184566996755012024-03-13T03:30:46.335+02:00SADTU Political Education BlogThis blog is the public face and point of entry to the SADTU Political Education system. Debate the texts posted here in the Comments, and/or sign up for the e-mail forum (top of the right-hand column, below).DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.comBlogger753125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-31764558543534247942016-02-27T07:42:00.001+02:002016-02-27T07:42:17.968+02:00SADTU Political Education Forum Blog, Announcement<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<i><span style="font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Announcement:<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">SADTU Political
Education Forum Blog<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This blog has been used as a running record of the SADTU
Political Education Forum postings.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It contains a record of the full, four-year, 16-course Communist
University (CU) cycle. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It can be searched, and browsed.</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Web site<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There is now an improved archive of all the CU courses at:</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://studycircle.wikispaces.com/Communist+University">http://studycircle.wikispaces.com/Communist+University</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The NEHAWU, SACP and YCLSA web sites carry versions of the
following button on their home pages, linked to the new CU course archive:</span></div>
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<a href="http://studycircle.wikispaces.com/Communist+University"><img border="0" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbDcD8dZdEmRQdSYkITfq2NgvXoIRP4tux7VMrykdC7KYSlotaMOByVIlBHSstXf0lv8RXjDRlqhUXMuScmP6tLDIML1b5hnW6Mn5xQeAlQxf8_jN-gcDECpZZTllY0vjZDiUeDr96WxR4/s320/Communist+University+button.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Links at the top of this page remain useful in different
ways, and can be edited. In other respects, this blog will now be left as it
is. Up-to-date versions of the courses will be found on the new archive site.</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">E-mail<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The SADTU Political Education Forum posts will continue to
be e-mailed from a Google Group. Find it at:</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/sadtu-political-education-forum">https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/sadtu-political-education-forum</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Please join this e-mail group. It is a discussion forum as
well as a means of serialising the CU courses. The archive of all postings is
accessible. Like the blog, it can be searched and browsed</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Blog Policy<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is still possible that new courses could be developed for
the CU, but it is not very likely to happen in the near future. The 16-course
division of the material is comprehensive, convenient and stable, providing a
four-year cycle which is run on four parallel channels, and so is completed
every year, taking the four channels all together.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Therefore is no longer necessary to repeat the posting of
the courses to the blog. It is true that the courses are edited and updated as
they are sent out, so changes do occur. These changes can be picked up from the
new archive, linked above.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This blog can now rest, and remain as a semi-static
resource.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Feel free to explore it.</span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-67193299386522606002015-09-29T07:41:00.002+02:002015-09-29T07:41:38.079+02:00Revenues and their Sources<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262985926"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262976305"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Capital Volume 3, Part 7<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Revenues and
their Sources</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch48.htm" title="Marx, Capital Volume 3, Part 7, on MIA">Capital Volume 3, Part 7</a>,
Revenues and their Sources<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The last part of the last
book of Capital begins as Volume 1 ended, with a reminder that capital is not a
thing, but it is a relationship. In Part 1 of our chosen text, <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch48.htm" title="Marx, Capital V3, Chapter 48, The Trinity Formula, on MIA">Chapter 48,
The Trinity Formula</a></b> (download linked below) Marx writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“<b>Capital, land, labour</b>! However, capital
is not a thing, but rather a definite social production relation, belonging to
a definite historical formation of society, which is manifested in a thing and
lends this thing a specific social character. Capital is not the sum of the
material and produced means of production. Capital is rather the means of
production transformed into capital, which in themselves are no more capital
than gold or silver in itself is money. It is the means of production
monopolised by a certain section of society, confronting living labour-power as
products and working conditions rendered independent of this very labour-power,
which are personified through this antithesis in capital…”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shortly afterwards, Marx
turns to a summary of the illusory and impossible conception of the same
relationship as seen by self-serving “vulgar” bourgeois economists, starting
like this:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">“Vulgar
economy actually does no more than interpret, systematise and defend in
doctrinaire fashion the conceptions of the agents of bourgeois production who
are entrapped in bourgeois production relations. It should not astonish us,
then, that vulgar economy feels particularly at home in the estranged outward
appearances of economic relations in which these </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">prima facie</span><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> absurd
and perfect contradictions appear and that these relations seem the more
self-evident the more their internal relationships are concealed from it,
although they are understandable to the popular mind. But all science would be
superfluous if the outward appearance and the essence of things directly
coincided. Thus, vulgar economy has not the slightest suspicion that the <b>trinit</b>y which it takes as its point of departure,
namely, <b>land</b> — rent, <b>capital</b> — interest, <b>labour</b> — wages or the price of labour,
are </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">prima
facie</span><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> three
impossible combinations.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Later in this paragraph
(section III of the chapter), Marx refers to Volume 1 (“Book 1”) and contrasts
the irrational bourgeois concept of value with the true understanding of
surplus value.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To finish by returning to
Engels’ introductory remarks: Yes, Capital Volume 3 is important. It is not
superfluous. Volume 3 is directly helpful in the current circumstances of “Global
Economic Meltdown” and “Debt Crisis”. But Volume 3 does not render Volume 1
redundant. On the contrary, Volume 3 relies upon and leans upon Volume 1 and
constantly confirms Volume 1, throughout.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The last Chapter of Capital
Volume 3 is <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch52.htm" title="Marx, Capital V3, Chapter 52, “Classes”, on MIA">Chapter 52, “Classes”</a></b>,
and it ends: “<b>[Here the manuscript
breaks off.]</b>”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Engels provided a supplement
to Volume 3 which can be found on MIA, <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/supp.htm#intro" title="Engels' Supplement to Capital, Volume 3, on MIA">here</a></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Picture</span></u></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">
A representation of the Christian “Holy Trinity”. “<i>Pater</i>”, “<i>filius</i>” and “<i>spiritus sanctus</i>” are Father, Son and
holy spirit (Holy Ghost), and “<i>deus</i>”
is God. “<i>Est</i>” means “is”, and “<i>non est</i>” means “is not”. These are “<i>prima
facie”</i><i> </i>three impossible
combinations. If all are God, then it follows in logic that all must be the
same as each other; but the diagram says they are not the same as each other.
This is a logical “<i>non sequitur</i>”
(i.e. “it does not follow”). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx is not challenging
Christianity. Christians may, as some of them do, accept the Trinity as an
article of faith, while others may say (as do the Jesuits, for example) that
the Trinity may be a mystery, but we must constantly strive to understand it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx is rather saying that
the Christian Trinity is not reconcilable by logic, and the bourgeois Trinity
of capital, land, and labour likewise does not constitute three of a kind, and,
like the Christian Trinity, this bourgeois Trinity it does not constitute a
logical unity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses2/19-karl-marx-capital-volumes-2-and-3/19101%2CMarx%2CCapitalVolume3%2C1894%2CC48%2CTheTrinityFormula.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Capital Volume 3, Chapter 48, The Trinity Formula">Capital Volume 3,
Chapter 48, The Trinity Formula</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-11320471513138499382015-09-28T07:41:00.004+02:002015-09-28T07:41:45.314+02:00Ground Rent<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262985926"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262976305"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Capital Volume 3, Part 6<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Ground Rent</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch37.htm" title="Marx, Capital Volume 3, Part 6, on MIA">Capital Volume 3, Part 6</a>,
Transformation of Surplus-Profit into Ground-Rent</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the 11-chapter Part 6 of
Capital Volume 3, Karl Marx relates capital (reproduction of surplus value) to
the much older, pre-capitalist concept and practice of rent. He shows how rent
became, and remains, part of the capitalistic system. Our chosen <b>Chapter 38</b> (download linked below) deals with the “surplus-profit”
over and above the general rate of profit, that may arise from fortuitous
factors like the possession of a waterfall; and the concept of differential
rent as a means of taking account of such a variation from the norm.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">But first, let us exploit the
summarising paragraphs on rent, given below in a shortened version, which Marx
gives in the Introduction to this section. Note that, as Marx reminds us, these
remarks bear upon the question of <b>mining</b>
as much as they bear upon agriculture:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The analysis
of landed property in its various historical forms is beyond the scope of this
work. <b>We shall be concerned with it only
in so far as a portion of the surplus-value produced by capital falls to the
share of the landowner.</b> We assume, then, that agriculture is dominated by
the capitalist mode of production just as manufacture is; in other words, that
agriculture is carried on by capitalists who differ from other capitalists
primarily in the manner in which their capital, and the wage-labour set in
motion by this capital, are invested. So far as we are concerned, the farmer
produces wheat, etc., in much the same way as the manufacturer produces yarn or
machines. The assumption that the capitalist mode of production has encompassed
agriculture implies that it rules over all spheres of production and bourgeois
society, i.e., that its prerequisites, such as free competition among capitals,
the possibility of transferring the latter from one production sphere to
another, and a uniform level of the average profit, etc., are fully matured.
The form of landed property which we shall consider here is a specifically
historical one, a form transformed through the influence of capital and of the
capitalist mode of production, either of feudal landownership, or of
small-peasant agriculture as a means of livelihood, in which the possession of
the land and the soil constitutes one of the prerequisites of production for
the direct producer, and in which his ownership of land appears as the most
advantageous condition for the prosperity of his mode of production. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Just as the
capitalist mode of production in general is based on the expropriation of the
conditions of labour from the labourers, so does it in agriculture presuppose
the expropriation of the rural labourers from the land and their subordination
to a capitalist, who carries on agriculture for the sake of profit…<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“For our
purposes it is necessary to study the modern form of landed property, because
our task is to consider the specific conditions of production and circulation
which arise from the investment of capital in agriculture. Without this, our
analysis of capital would not be complete… <b>(Or,
instead of agriculture, we can use mining because the laws are the same for
both.)<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Landed
property is based on the monopoly by certain persons over definite portions of
the globe, as exclusive spheres of their private will to the exclusion of all
others. With this in mind, the problem is to ascertain the economic value, that
is, the realisation of this monopoly on the basis of capitalist production. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“With the
legal power of these persons to use or misuse certain portions of the globe,
nothing is decided. The use of this power depends wholly upon economic
conditions, which are independent of their will. The legal view itself only
means that the landowner can do with the land what every owner of commodities
can do with his commodities. And this view, this legal view of free private
ownership of land, arises in the ancient world only with the dissolution of the
organic order of society, and in the modern world only with the development of
capitalist production…<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“In the
section (<b>in Volume 1</b>) dealing with
primitive accumulation we saw that this mode of production presupposes, on the
one hand, the separation of the direct producers from their position as mere
accessories to the land (in the form of vassals, serfs, slaves, etc.), and, on
the other hand, the expropriation of the mass of the people from the land. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“To this
extent the monopoly of landed property is a historical premise, and continues
to remain the basis of the capitalist mode of production, just as in all
previous modes of production which are based on the exploitation of the masses
in one form or another. But the form of landed property with which the
incipient capitalist mode of production is confronted does not suit it. It
first creates for itself the form required by subordinating agriculture to
capital. It thus transforms feudal landed property, clan property, small
peasant property in mark communes — no matter how divergent their juristic
forms may be — into the economic form corresponding to the requirements of this
mode of production. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“One of the
major results of the capitalist mode of production is that, on the one hand, it
transforms agriculture from a mere empirical and mechanical self-perpetuating
process employed by the least developed part of society into the conscious
scientific application of agronomy, in so far as this is at all feasible under
conditions of private property; that it divorces landed property from the
relations of dominion and servitude, on the one hand, and, on the other,
totally separates land as an instrument of production from landed property and
landowner — for whom the land merely represents a certain money assessment
which he collects by virtue of his monopoly from the industrial capitalist, the
capitalist farmer; it dissolves the connection between landownership and the
land so thoroughly that the landowner may spend his whole life in Constantinople,
while his estates lie in Scotland. Landed property thus receives its purely
economic form by discarding all its former political and social embellishments
and associations, in brief all [its] traditional accessories…<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The
rationalising of agriculture, on the one hand, which makes it for the first
time capable of operating on a social scale, and the reduction ad absurdum of
property in land, on the other, are the great achievements of the capitalist
mode of production. Like all of its other historical advances, it also attained
these <b>by first completely impoverishing
the direct producers</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Once again, Marx refers back
to matters dealt with in Volume 1. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Among other things, Marx is
here providing us with explanations as to why the land question in South Africa
is so intractable. Land is part of capitalism, and so are mines. There can be
no going back, but only forward, because in its productive aspect land has
never been more socialised. Only in its ownership can land become more
socialised than it already is, and it can only be fully re-socialised by the
complete abolition of capitalism.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As with banking, so also with
landowning: Under capitalism the take is a portion of surplus-value. This part
shows how such rent arises and how it is calculated for the various conditions,
of which the first example given is as clear as any, and can serve as typical.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses2/19-karl-marx-capital-volumes-2-and-3/19091%2CMarx%2CCapitalVolume3%2C1894%2CC38%2CDifferentialRent.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Capital Volume 3, Chapter 38, Differential Rent">Capital Volume 3,
Chapter 38, Differential Rent: General Remarks</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-82827770026565363782015-09-27T11:48:00.003+02:002015-09-27T11:48:48.485+02:00Interest-Bearing Capital<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262985926"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262976305"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Capital Volume 3, Part 5<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM0jZKeeD8BMDLzXEi7aR4e1l1eaN7T6dvu5SaCuX-2B70L7B-HxPnXlLC45kNZBnEpIUYxlxftMHTJLgp4swI4VFBhPVc2HG8iItXt4fbRsK7fylSOsQwt_ITkVS6VeQkf4wNMgubxMg/s1600/08+Max+Keiser.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM0jZKeeD8BMDLzXEi7aR4e1l1eaN7T6dvu5SaCuX-2B70L7B-HxPnXlLC45kNZBnEpIUYxlxftMHTJLgp4swI4VFBhPVc2HG8iItXt4fbRsK7fylSOsQwt_ITkVS6VeQkf4wNMgubxMg/s400/08+Max+Keiser.jpg" width="381" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Interest-Bearing
Capital</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch21.htm" title="Marx, Capital Volume 3, Part 5, on MIA">Capital Volume 3, Part 5</a>,
Division of Profit into Interest and Profit of Enterprise. Interest-Bearing
Capital.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is a long part of Volume
3 and is really too much with its sixteen chapters (21 – 36), almost a book in
itself, to be covered in a single discussion. Therefore let us concentrate as
before on the question of whether Volume 1 of Capital is undermined or
over-ruled by Volume 3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx makes it clear that this
is not the case at the beginning of Chapter 23 where he writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">“Interest, as
we have seen in the two preceding chapters, appears originally, is originally,
and remains<b> in fact merely a portion of
the profit, </b></span></i><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">i.e.</span></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">, of the surplus-value</span></i></b><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">, which the
functioning capitalist, industrialist or merchant has to pay to the owner and
lender of money-capital whenever he uses loaned capital instead of his own.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These pages contain great
good sense and a lot of assistance to people trying to understand the “Global
Economic Meltdown” that has been going on since 2008, and is now also generally
referred to as “the debt crisis”, or just “the crisis”. As an example, here are
some paragraphs from our sample <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch29.htm" title="Marx, Capital V3, C29, Component Parts of Bank Capital, on MIA">Chapter
29, Component Parts of Bank Capital</a></b>, (download linked below).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“We shall now
consider labour-power in contrast to the capital of the national debt, where a
negative quantity appears as capital — just as interest-bearing capital, in
general, is the fountainhead of <b>all
manner of insane form</b>s, so that debts, for instance, can appear to the
banker as commodities. Wages are conceived here as interest, and therefore
labour-power as the capital yielding this interest. For example, if the wage
for one year amounts to £50 and the rate of interest is 5%, the annual
labour-power is equal to a capital of £1,000. <b>The insanity</b> of the capitalist mode of conception reaches its
climax here, for instead of explaining the expansion of capital on the basis of
the exploitation of labour-power, the matter is reversed and the productivity
of labour power is explained by attributing this mystical quality of
interest-bearing capital to labour-power itself. In the second half of the 17th
century, this used to be a favourite conception (for example, of Petty), but it
is used even nowadays in all seriousness by some vulgar economists and more
particularly by some German statisticians.[1] Unfortunately two disagreeably
frustrating facts mar this thoughtless conception. In the first place, the
labourer must work in order to obtain this interest. In the second place, he
cannot transform the capital-value of his labour-power into cash by
transferring it. Rather, the annual value of his labour-power is equal to his
average annual wage, and what he has to give the buyer in return through his
labour is this same value plus a surplus-value, i.e., the increment added by
his labour. In a slave society, the labourer has a capital-value, namely, his
purchase price. And when he is hired out, the hirer must pay, in the first
place, the interest on this purchase price, and, in addition, replace the
annual wear and tear on the capital.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The
formation of a fictitious capital is called capitalisation. Every periodic
income is capitalised by calculating it on the basis of the average rate of
interest, as an income which would be realised by a capital loaned at this rate
of interest. For example, if the annual income is £100 and the rate of interest
5%, then the £100 would represent the annual interest on £2,000, and the £2,000
is regarded as the capital-value of the legal title of ownership on the £100
annually. For the person who buys this title of ownership, the annual income of
£100 represents indeed the interest on his capital invested at 5%. All
connection with the actual expansion process of capital is thus completely
lost, and <b>the conception of capital as
something with automatic self-expansion properties is thereby strengthened</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Even when
the promissory note — the security — does not represent <b>a purely fictitious capital</b>, as it does in the case of state debts,
<b>the capital-value of such paper is</b>
nevertheless <b>wholly illusory</b>. We
have previously seen in what manner the credit system creates associated
capital. The paper serves as title of ownership which represents this capital.
The stocks of railways, mines, navigation companies, and the like, represent
actual capital, namely, the capital invested and functioning in such
enterprises, or the amount of money advanced by the stockholders for the
purpose of being used as capital in such enterprises. This does not preclude
the possibility that these may represent pure swindle. But this capital does
not exist twice, once as the capital-value of titles of ownership (stocks) on
the one hand and on the other hand as the actual capital invested, or to be
invested, in those enterprises. It exists only in the latter form, and a share
of stock is merely a title of ownership to a corresponding portion of the
surplus-value to be realised by it. A may sell this title to B, and B may sell
it to C. These transactions do not alter anything in the nature of the problem.
A or B then has his title in the form of capital, but C has transformed his
capital into a mere title of ownership to the anticipated surplus-value from
the stock capital.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It remains the case that in
Volume 3, Karl Marx is constantly referring back to Volume 1, and reminding us
that whatever “financial” profits (as we would now call them) there may be,
these are only portions of the surplus value generated at the point of
production by the capitalistic exploitation of living human labour-power.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Picture</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">: Max
Keiser, of Russia Today’s “Keiser Report” television programme, in a London
taxi. Keiser is particularly eloquent about the insane role of “fictitious
capital” in present conditions, which appear not to have changed at all from
the time of Karl Marx, where finance capital is concerned. RT is on DSTV
channel 407.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses2/19-karl-marx-capital-volumes-2-and-3/19081%2CMarx%2CCapitalVolume3%2C1894%2CC29%2CComponentPartsofBankCapital.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Component Parts of Bank Capital">Capital Volume 3, Chapter 29, Component Parts of Bank Capital</a>.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-39897200389864920042015-09-26T09:02:00.003+02:002015-09-26T09:02:51.537+02:00Money-Dealing Capital<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262985926"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262976305"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Capital Volume 3, Part 4<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Jt7Rl8jTa9S_3h9sKTJa-AEZg0HIH7fSZXeW7FEM_4SepHEUhf8C5IW-Q-zgs96ts8ONiqQ2HfgqxZbIg3S2r0Kvma64S-tkgokBvrtf8CcvGhIX2RfwNc4UHwIV4VdWJDl9GlOsyC8/s1600/07+Money+Tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Jt7Rl8jTa9S_3h9sKTJa-AEZg0HIH7fSZXeW7FEM_4SepHEUhf8C5IW-Q-zgs96ts8ONiqQ2HfgqxZbIg3S2r0Kvma64S-tkgokBvrtf8CcvGhIX2RfwNc4UHwIV4VdWJDl9GlOsyC8/s1600/07+Money+Tree.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Money-Dealing
Capital</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch16.htm" title="Marx, Capital Volume 3, Part 4, on MIA">Capital Volume 3, Part 4</a>:
Conversion of Commodity-Capital and Money-Capital into Commercial Capital and
Money-Dealing Capital (Merchant's Capital)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Since 2008 in particular, the
world has been described as being in a “global economic meltdown”. This crude
bogey is not in fact a new phenomenon. The nature of banking and money-dealing
has been well known since the publication of Capital Volume 3, as was noted in
various publications at the start of the “meltdown”. One good example <b><a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/lindorff10032008.html" title="Lindorff, "Calling the Problem Early", Counterpunch, 2008">is
an article by Dave Lindorff in CounterPunch on 3 October 2008</a></b>, which
quotes <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch30.htm" title="Marx, Capital Volume 3, Chapter 30, on MIA">Chapter 30 in Part 5 of
Capital Volume 3</a></b> (“Money Capital and Real Capital”) to show that Marx
had in that chapter described the working of the “meltdown” very completely and
very concisely. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here is the quote, with
Lindorff’s edits:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"In a
system...where the entire continuity of the...process rests upon credit, a
crisis must obviously occur -- a tremendous rush for means of payment -- when
credit suddenly ceases and only cash payments have validity. At first glance,
therefore, the whole crisis seems to be merely a credit and money crisis. And
in fact it is only a question of the convertibility of bills of exchange into
money. But the majority of these bills represent actual sales and purchases, <b>whose extension far beyond the needs of
society </b>is, after all, the basis of the whole crisis. At the same time, an
enormous quantity of these bills of exchange represents plain swindle, which
now reaches the light of day and collapses; furthermore, unsuccessful
speculation with the capital of other people; finally, commodity-capital which
has depreciated or is completely unsaleable, or returns that can never more be
realized again. The entire artificial system of forced expansion of the
[economy] cannot, of course, be remedied by having some bank, like the [Federal
Reserve], give to all the swindlers the deficient capital by means of its paper
and having it buy up all the depreciated commodities at their old nominal
values. Incidentally, everything here appears distorted, since in this paper
world, the real price and its real basis appear nowhere, but only bullion,
metal coin, notes, bills of exchange, securities. Particularly in centres where
the entire money business of the country is concentrated, like London [or New
York]...the entire process becomes incomprehensible."<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Broadly it appears that the
ability of bankers and of traders in financial instruments to create money is
unrestrained. In Marx’s time there was a link between money and gold and
silver, and this link remained, officially, until the 1970s. The de-facto
position of gold remains, but even gold has now been fictionalised to an
extent, so that there is a lot more gold “on the books” than physically exists.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is therefore another
area wherein the writings of Karl Marx, particularly here in Capital, Volume 3,
speak directly to the bourgeois economists of today. Marx is however quite
explicit in saying that the source of increase of wealth in capitalist society
remains one and the same as before: surplus value extracted by the exploitation
of labour power paid for with wages at the point of production. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch19.htm" title="Marx, Capital V3, C19, “Money-Dealing Capital”, on MIA">Chapter 19, on
“Money-Dealing Capital”</a></b> (attached; download linked below) Marx states
at the beginning:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“A definite
part of the total capital dissociates itself from the rest and stands apart in
the form of money-capital, whose capitalist function consists exclusively in
performing these operations for the entire class of industrial and commercial capitalists.
As in the case of commercial capital, a portion of industrial capital engaged
in the circulation process in the form of money-capital separates from the rest
and performs these operations of the reproduction process for all the other
capital. The movements of this money-capital are, therefore, once more merely
movements of an individualised part of industrial capital engaged in the
reproduction process.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There is nothing in the above
to suggest that the identification of the extraction of surplus value in
Capital Volume 1 as the essence of capital has been surpassed or rendered
obsolete. On the contrary, Capital Volume 1 is hereby confirmed as continuing
to be the essential and necessary basis and foundation in reality upon which
the ever-more-fantastic world of money-dealing is erected.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx concludes the chapter as
follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“It is
evident that the mass of money-capital with which the money-dealers operate is
the money-capital of merchants and industrial capitalists in the process of
circulation, and that the money-dealers' operations are actually operations of
merchants and industrial capitalists, in which they act as middlemen.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">“It is
equally evident that the money-dealers' profit is <b>nothing but a deduction from the surplus-value</b>, since they operate
with already realised values (even when realised in the form of creditors'
claims).”</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">“Nothing but a deduction from the surplus-value” </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">is as plain a statement as could be, and this
corresponds to the current jargon of “the real economy”, or in other words, of
“Main Street” as opposed to “Wall Street”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The distinction is the same
as the one between the financial economy and the “productive economy”, referred
to during the Red October campaign of 2014 in South Africa. Under capitalism,
the “productive economy” is the economy of extraction of surplus value.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses2/19-karl-marx-capital-volumes-2-and-3/19071%2CMarx%2CCapitalVolume3%2C1894%2CC19%2CMoney-DealingCapital.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Money-Dealing Capital">Capital Volume 3, Chapter 19, Money-Dealing
Capital</a>.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-46473286257454449432015-09-25T20:28:00.002+02:002015-09-25T20:28:30.034+02:00Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262985926"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262976305"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Capital Volume 3, Part 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheUsV6Wn1YsFvbl5_P2UB2hiaRpqH9JqvRa1g96jWAanCkvQS3Ufb_NTh_-P5VeqweymdJOp5Y6TWB-c2sOIRR0DuRs8UzXnCwCtOmK3nLyZOxurQLdP8A-IkKN4zJeJ-nyuWVERq6tgs/s1600/06+Money+War.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="493" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheUsV6Wn1YsFvbl5_P2UB2hiaRpqH9JqvRa1g96jWAanCkvQS3Ufb_NTh_-P5VeqweymdJOp5Y6TWB-c2sOIRR0DuRs8UzXnCwCtOmK3nLyZOxurQLdP8A-IkKN4zJeJ-nyuWVERq6tgs/s640/06+Money+War.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Tendency of
the Rate of Profit to Fall</span><span style="font-size: 28pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch13.htm">Capital
Volume 3, Part 3</a>, The Law of the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The most well-known insight of
Capital Volume 3 is the Law of the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall,
often abbreviated to “TRPF”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch13.htm">Chapter 13</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> (attached) describes the Law very directly and
simply.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The TRPF is not a mystical
law. The TPRF is in the first place a consequence of the simple fact that
surplus value extracted from wage-workers is the only source of increase of
capital, and profit is surplus value less the capitalists’ other costs, (where
these other costs are what Marx calls “constant capital”, and where wages are
“variable capital”). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The tendency for the amount
of labour-power used to become less over time, as compared to the “constant
capital” used, is what causes the TRPF - the tendency of the rate of profit to
fall.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The constant capital includes
technology, and the cost of technological inputs rises in relation to the
amount of labour applied, when more scientific methods are used (often
described as labour-saving methods).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This produces an apparent
paradox: When productivity of labour rises, profits fall. The more
“capital-intensive” is a business, the less profit is made in proportion to the
amount of money invested.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Does this mean that
capitalism is going to fade away? Does it mean that there is an entropy in play
for capitalism, like the winding-down of the solar system? So that profits will
eventually reduce almost to zero, and the capitalist relationship therefore
become unsustainable and cease to exist?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Perhaps Kautsky might have
thought so, but there are “counteracting influences”, some of which Marx
describes in the following <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch14.htm">Chapter 14
of Capital Volume 3</a></b>. Wikipedia (<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall#Marx.27s_argument">here</a></b>)
lists Marx’s “counteracting influences” as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 19.85pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• <b> </b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">more intense exploitation of labour (raising the rate
of exploitation)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 19.85pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• <b> </b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">reduction of wages below the value of labour power<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 19.85pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• <b> </b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">cheapening the elements of constant capital by various
means<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 19.85pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• <b> </b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">the growth and utilization of a relative surplus
population (the reserve army of labour)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 19.85pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• <b> </b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">foreign trade reducing the cost of industrial inputs
and consumer goods<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 19.85pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• <b> </b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">the increase in share capital which devolves part of
the costs of using capital on others.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Do the “counteracting
influences” balance out the TRPF and produce a capitalist equilibrium?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">No, not exactly. Instead,
what we actually have is a very dynamic, unstable, and finally political,
living world. We have constant crises, contradictions, and conflict. “Creative
destruction” is part of this picture, whereby for example the vast destruction
caused by war, and the huge reconstruction effort that must follow, may permit
the capitalist system to “reset” me degree. Some economists believe this to be
the case. Marx did not say so. But clearly, ideas of this kind are related to
the TRPF and the threat of entropy that it holds.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Marxism” is for many
purposes practiced as a hidden science in capitalist society. For example, the
business pages of newspapers seldom relate what is happening in businesses from
day to day, to theories of surplus value. Marx gets a nod now and again, but
mostly he is ignored.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">But it is not the case that
in the world of economic theory, Marx is never consulted by bourgeois
economists. The terrain on which the parlay happens is here, in Capital Volume
3. The TRPF and its countervailing tendencies are familiar to bourgeois
economists. They have their own variations on the problematisation of the TRPF,
or its equivalent as they see it, such as what they call “the law of
diminishing returns”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses2/19-karl-marx-capital-volumes-2-and-3/19061%2CMarx%2CCapitalVolume3%2C1894%2CC13%2CTheLawAsSuch.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Capital Volume 3, Chapter 13, The Law As Such">Capital Volume 3, Chapter
13, The Law As Such</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-80256127640995662772015-09-24T13:46:00.001+02:002015-09-24T13:47:09.183+02:00The General Rate of Profit<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262985926"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262976305"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Capital Volume 3, Part 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRc1VobYKsxG28wPEbFFGgsfQrl_RrFQy7Bvc0Wt3U5t9QmPDoLLVvejXofpuE1jTkWNUgJepAGrSCjSCAprPmcPDC57V_r7WNJVZBfAEqj171nYNE5VACjfQjKIa5hnoqW8J_Yg9Kxk/s1600/05+Bull+and+Bear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRc1VobYKsxG28wPEbFFGgsfQrl_RrFQy7Bvc0Wt3U5t9QmPDoLLVvejXofpuE1jTkWNUgJepAGrSCjSCAprPmcPDC57V_r7WNJVZBfAEqj171nYNE5VACjfQjKIa5hnoqW8J_Yg9Kxk/s400/05+Bull+and+Bear.jpg" width="368" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The General
Rate of Profit</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch08.htm" title="Marx, Capital Volume 3, Part 2, on MIA">Capital Volume 3, Part 2</a>,
Conversion of Profit into Average Profit<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The source of increase under
capitalism is surplus value. This is the truth that is revealed in exhaustive
detail in <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/index.htm" title="Marx, Capital, Volume 1, on MIA">Capital, Volume 1</a></b>, and it is
not going to be contradicted here in <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/index.htm" title="Capital, Volume 3, on MIA">Volume 3</a></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">But the rate of what is
called “profit” is not the increase by itself, but the increase in relation to all
costs of production. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx’s definition of the rate
of profit is <i>“the ratio of surplus labour
(</i>s<i>) to necessary labour plus the value of components and materials used
in production (</i>v<i> + </i>c<i>) – the capitalist’s
costs of production.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Labour power is paid for at
cost, but yields more labour than is required to reproduce labour-power. The
extra labour thus found (i.e. surplus labour) generates surplus value.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All other inputs such as
materials, equipment and general overhead expenses are inert costs that have no
regenerative power. They are simply consumed in production and their cost is
passed on directly to form part of the commodity price of the resultant
product.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Only labour can produce
surplus value. All other inputs, even if their cost is passed on in full into
the selling-price, neither add nor take away from profit, but go to reduce the
overall <u>rate</u> of profit. When labour and the corresponding surplus-value
it produces become a smaller proportion of the whole, the rate of profit on the
whole outlay is less.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It follows that the only way
that profit can be made, or increased, is by the employment of people, or more
people. This is in turn is why the threat of employers to employ machinery
instead of people is hollow. To make more money, the capitalist must generally
employ more people.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The jargon used today is
“labour-intensive” versus “capital-intensive”. In a capital-intensive business,
the costs of other inputs are higher in proportion to the labour-power
employed, and the rate of profit is consequently lower.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is shown in the table
given at the beginning of the well-known <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch09.htm" title="Marx, Chapter 9 of Capital, Volume 3">Chapter 9 of Volume 3</a></b>
(attached; download linked below).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This chapter is full of quite
simple examples, interspersed with categorical general statements. It is
readable to people with a business background. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In general, the chapter is
about the development of the overall “economy” out of its individual-capitalist
parts, so that we now enter the world of “financial markets”, with an idea of
what comes through from the basic relationships, and what begins to feed back
from the overall (social) level so as to affect individual enterprises.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses2/19-karl-marx-capital-volumes-2-and-3/19051%2CMarx%2CCapitalVolume3%2C1894%2CC9%2CGeneralRateofProfit.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Marx, Capital Volume 3, Chapter 9">Capital Volume 3, Chapter 9,
Formation of a General Rate of Profit</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-31040236639615756072015-09-13T16:14:00.001+02:002015-09-13T16:14:02.732+02:00The Rate of Profit<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262985926"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262976305"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Capital Volume 3, Part 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0FW8e3LCUsUbxwqVlTTq0FVy-mJgFVJXwCIamKHHjA8eMx_0H9r92gWX0uqxQJkDrzBbP0iIgaITaLIYSpsnMdgPNefTYvBAK1S-5AlRiNstUzABVUvmQH_X0PBlsLIbzBKpKDr_jWvg/s1600/04+Rate+of+Profit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0FW8e3LCUsUbxwqVlTTq0FVy-mJgFVJXwCIamKHHjA8eMx_0H9r92gWX0uqxQJkDrzBbP0iIgaITaLIYSpsnMdgPNefTYvBAK1S-5AlRiNstUzABVUvmQH_X0PBlsLIbzBKpKDr_jWvg/s400/04+Rate+of+Profit.jpg" width="282" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Rate of Profit</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ch01.htm" title="Marx, Capital Volume 3, Part 1, on MIA">Capital Volume 3, Part 1</a>: The Conversion of Surplus-Value into Profit
and of the Rate of Surplus-Value into the Rate of Profit<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx begins Volume 3 as
follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 19.85pt; margin-right: 19.85pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">“In <b>Book I </b>we analysed the phenomena which
constitute the </span></i><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">process of capitalist
production</span></b><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> as such, as the immediate productive process,
with no regard for any of the secondary effects of outside influences. <o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 19.85pt; margin-right: 19.85pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">“But this
immediate process of production does not exhaust the life span of capital. It
is supplemented in the actual world by the </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">process of circulation</span><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">, which was
the object of study in <b>Book II</b>. In
the latter, namely in Part III, which treated the process of circulation as a
medium for the process of social reproduction, it developed that the capitalist
process of production taken as a whole represents a synthesis of the processes
of production and circulation. <o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">“Considering
what this <b>third book</b> treats, it
cannot confine itself to general reflection relative to this synthesis. On the
contrary, it must locate and describe the concrete forms which grow out of
the </span></i><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">movements of capital as a
whole</span></b><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">. In their actual movement capitals confront each other in such
concrete shape, for which the form of capital in the immediate process of
production, just as its form in the process of circulation, appear only as
special instances. The various forms of capital, as evolved in this book, thus
approach step by step the form which they assume on the surface of society, in
the action of different capitals upon one another, in competition, and in the
ordinary consciousness of the agents of production themselves.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Chapter 21 of Volume 2
Marx had written:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 19.85pt; margin-right: 19.85pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Let us note
by the way: Once more we find here, as we did in the case of simple
reproduction, that the exchange of the various component parts of the annual
product, i.e., their circulation …does not by any means presuppose mere
purchase of commodities supplemented by a subsequent sale, or a sale
supplemented by a subsequent purchase, so that there would actually be a bare
exchange of commodity for commodity, as Political Economy assumes, especially
the free-trade school since the physiocrats and Adam Smith.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Like that of the physiocrats
and Adam Smith, the “ordinary consciousness of the agents of production
themselves” is confined to “the surface of society”. In the journey through
Volume 1 and Volume 2, from Marx’s point of departure in the first line of the
entire work (<i>“The wealth of those
societies in which the capitalist mode of production prevails, presents itself
as ‘an immense accumulation of commodities’")</i> we have submarined among
the deep and hidden workings of the system, so as to comprehend its true
nature. Now, in Volume 3, we are going to emerge again into the visible world,
and examine the phenomena that form the conscious narrative of politics, and
which inform the subjective reactions of men and women from day to day and year
to year. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">But we must continue to hold
in mind the revelations of Volumes 1 and 2. Marx is still exploring <i>“the secret of the self-expansion of
capital”</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the beginning of Chapter 2
of Volume III, Marx again allows himself to be terse and direct: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The general
formula of capital is M-C-M'. In other words, a sum of value is thrown into
circulation to extract a larger sum out of it. The process which produces this
larger sum is capitalist production. The process that realises it is
circulation of capital. The capitalist does not produce a commodity for its own
sake, nor for the sake of its use-value, or his personal consumption. The
product in which the capitalist is really interested is not the palpable
product itself, but the excess value of the product over the value of the
capital consumed by it. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 19.85pt; margin-right: 19.85pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“…he is a
capitalist, and can undertake the process of exploiting labour only because,
being the owner of the conditions of labour, he confronts the labourer as the
owner of only labour-power. As already shown in the first book, (i.e. Volume 1)
it is precisely the fact that non-workers own the means of production which
turns labourers into wage-workers and non-workers into capitalists.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Capital is more of a
relationship than a thing. It is permanently a relationship. It may have a
money-form as part of its cycle, but the relationship of labourer to capitalist
is constant throughout the cycle.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Volume III is divided into
seven parts. We will take one part at a time, and choose one chapter from each
part as an attached reading text.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses2/19-karl-marx-capital-volumes-2-and-3/19041%2CMarx%2CCapitalVolume3%2C1894%2CC2%2CTheRateofProfit.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Marx, Capital Volume 3, Chapter 2, The Rate of Profit">Capital Volume 3,
Chapter 2, The Rate of Profit, Karl Marx</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-76647233332309621512015-09-12T13:11:00.002+02:002015-09-12T13:11:24.301+02:00Accumulation and Reproduction of Capital<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262985926"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc262976305"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Capital Volume 2, Part 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhclJTq_xlI-sfDfvbnpzV27mYyyLn24tkInSFDoPP8GZdhN0yd3H_OU1pSGdJ_bnFzP4rd9GtNrozHZUYSxtaeWhtVFoPFPzTsm0TT4O0wrUZ4wSw-kZHC0bIIB796uvYj4DhS-jO4blU/s1600/03+Urbi+et+Orbi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhclJTq_xlI-sfDfvbnpzV27mYyyLn24tkInSFDoPP8GZdhN0yd3H_OU1pSGdJ_bnFzP4rd9GtNrozHZUYSxtaeWhtVFoPFPzTsm0TT4O0wrUZ4wSw-kZHC0bIIB796uvYj4DhS-jO4blU/s400/03+Urbi+et+Orbi.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Accumulation and
Reproduction of Capital</span></b><span style="font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx begins this third part
of Capital, Volume 2 as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The direct
process of the production of capital is its labour and self-expansion process,
the process whose result is the commodity-product and whose compelling motive
is the production of surplus-value.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here Marx is confirming, in
direct terms, the order of things as explained in Capital, Volume 1. The motive
of capital is the production of surplus-value, and the commodity-product is the
consequence. Some would call this production for profit and not for need;
others might say that it is the creation and the reproduction of a power
relationship of the bourgeois owners over the working class.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx continues to assist. In
contrast to the end of the second section of Volume 2, where he left us with
more questions than answers, at the beginning of the third section he lays out
the scheme of Volume 1 (“ Book 1”) and all three sections of Volume 2 as
follows (shortened; see Chapter 18 for the full text):<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“In Book I
the process of capitalist production was analysed as an individual act as well
as a process of reproduction: the production of surplus-value and the
production of capital itself. The only act within the sphere of circulation on
which we have dwelt was the purchase and sale of labour-power as the
fundamental condition of capitalist production.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“In the first
part of this Book II, the various forms were considered which capital assumes
its circular movement, and the various forms of this movement itself. The
circulation time must now be added to the working times discussed in Book I.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“In the
second Part, the circuit was studied as being periodic, i.e., as a turnover. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“…Especially
money-capital came forward with distinctive features not shown in Book I.
Certain laws were found according to which diverse large components of a given
capital must be continually advanced and renewed — depending on the conditions
of the turnover — in the form of money-capital in order to keep a productive
capital of a given size constantly functioning.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“But in both
the first and the second Parts it was always only a question of some individual
capital, of the movement of some individualised part of social capital.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“However the
circuits of the individual capitals intertwine, presuppose and necessitate one
another, and form, precisely in this interlacing, the movement of the total
social capital. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“We have now
to study the process of circulation (which in its entirety is a form of the
process of reproduction) of the individual capitals as components of the
aggregate social capital, that is to say, the process of circulation of this
aggregate social capital.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are four chapters in
the third part of Volume 2. Chapter 18 is covered above. Chapter 19 doubles
back to the Physiocrats and Adam Smith. Chapter 20 is very long, covering many
kinds of ordinary and extraordinary circumstances, divided into four parts; but
it begins with a useful schematic summary, as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The total
product, and therefore the total production, of society may be divided into two
major departments:<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“<b>I. Means of Production</b>, commodities
having a form in which they must, or at least may, pass into productive
consumption.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“<b>II. Articles of Consumption</b>,
commodities having a form in which they pass into the individual consumption of
the capitalist and the working-class.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“All the
various branches of production pertaining to each of these two departments form
one single great branch of production, that of the means of production in the
one case, and that of articles of consumption in the other. The aggregate
capital employed in each of these two branches of production constitutes a
separate large department of the social capital.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“In each
department the capital consists of two parts:<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“<b>1) Variable Capital</b>. This capital, so
far as its value is concerned, is equal to the value of the social labour-power
employed in this branch of production; in other words, it is equal to the sum
of the wages paid for this labour-power. So far as its substance is concerned,
it consists of the labour-power in action, i.e., of the living labour set in
motion by this capital-value.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“<b>2) Constant Capital</b>. This is the value
of all the means of production employed for productive purposes in this branch.
These, again, are divided into fixed capital, such as machines, instruments of
labour, buildings, labouring animals, etc., and circulating constant capital,
such as materials of production: raw and auxiliary materials, semi-finished
products, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The value of
the total annual product created with the aid of this capital in each of the
two departments consists of one portion which represents the constant capital <b>c</b> consumed in the process of production
and only transferred to the product in accordance with its value, and of
another portion added by the entire labour of the year. This latter portion is
divided in turn into the replacement of the advanced variable capital <b>v</b> and the excess over and above it,
which forms the surplus-value <b>s</b>. And
just as the value of every individual commodity, that of the entire annual
product of each department consists of <b>c
+ v + s</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Reading for Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We shall use Part 1 of
Chapter 21, the last chapter in Volume 2, for a reading text, attached, and
downloadable via the link below.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is called “Accumulation
and Reproduction on an Extended Scale”, thus confirming what Volume 2 is about,
namely these two words which feature very prominently in 21<sup>st</sup>
century South African communist literature: Reproduction and Accumulation. At
seven thousand words, Part 1 of Chapter 21 is sufficiently short and
sufficiently plain in its prose to be read as a discussion document. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Let it suffice, therefore,
for this introduction, to point out that in Volume 2, Marx is examining the leads
and lags in the full cycle of the accumulation and reproduction of capital, and
discovering features that arise during this circulation (e.g. <i>“…money-capital came forward with
distinctive features not shown in Book I”</i>) which have a material effect on
the entire concrete social phenomenon which is Capital with a capital “C”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One such feature is the
“hoard” of money that is a necessary phenomenon within the cycle – the
indispensible slack or easement without which the machinery could not move. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Volume 1, Marx takes
considerable pains to distinguish the miser (who hoards money) from the
capitalist (who puts money into circulation). There is no contradiction,
however, in Marx’s thinking. The hoard that arises in the cycle of capital is a
transitional, usable and re-chargeable reservoir, and not, like the miser’s
hoard of buried treasure, money that is permanently withheld from circulation
and use of any kind.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Where one must be careful is
with the unclear and conflicted representation of these matters that appears in
the vulgar economics of “analysts” in newspapers and in the mouths of pundits
and politicians today, where “capital” is invariably conceptualised in a
limited sense as a hoard. For example the sentence “I need capital to start my
business” always refers to a hoard, and only to a hoard. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Marx, “accumulation”
refers to the assembly, and the constant reassembly at an ever-larger scale, of
all of the prerequisites for the extraction of surplus value, and not just to
the pump-priming hoard of money.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These prerequisites for
Capital also include the market, the proletariat, the bourgeoisie and the
bourgeois state with its bourgeois constitution and laws, the means of
communication, transport and trade, and the subordination of all other classes
to the rapacious needs of the bourgeois class. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the case of an individual
business, the market for its goods or services is, in particular, a far more
critical prerequisite than the prior possession of a hoard of money.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses2/19-karl-marx-capital-volumes-2-and-3/19031%2CMarx%2CCapitalVolume2%2C1885%2CC21%2CPart1%2CAccumulationandReproduction.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Capital, V 2, Chapter 21, Part 1">Capital, V 2, Chapter 21, Part 1,
Accumulation and Reproduction on an Extended Scale, Marx</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-52149615239378550792015-09-07T09:11:00.003+02:002015-09-07T09:11:43.022+02:00Turnover of Capital<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Capital Volume 2, Part 2<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOG70VtaJbciFZ2SyN3779rulIJVmgWlBn6mlXJr7AI8uLZrQHvdYj9hZfgZhhGyuBH5eBumsD-xK34PxgztTMyaAhxDR6GVXVkg5wmhbY7YWI_JVpAkJjXEHY573pxYtKtzt4GapZc20/s1600/02+Karl+Marx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOG70VtaJbciFZ2SyN3779rulIJVmgWlBn6mlXJr7AI8uLZrQHvdYj9hZfgZhhGyuBH5eBumsD-xK34PxgztTMyaAhxDR6GVXVkg5wmhbY7YWI_JVpAkJjXEHY573pxYtKtzt4GapZc20/s400/02+Karl+Marx.jpg" width="330" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Turnover of Capital</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the fourth paragraph of
Chapter 7, which is the first chapter of <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1885-c2/ch07.htm" title="Part 2 of Capital Volume 2, Marx, on MIA">Part 2 of Capital Volume 2</a>
</b>(“The Turnover of Capital”),
Karl Marx quotes Chapter 23 of “Capital”, Volume 1 as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 19.85pt;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“We have seen previously: <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 19.85pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> “If production be capitalistic in form, so,
too, will be reproduction. Just as in the former the labour-process figures but
as a means towards the self-expansion of capital, so in the latter it figures
but as a means of reproducing as capital — i.e., as self-expanding value — the
value advanced.” </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Capital Volume 2 is an
elaboration, and not a contradiction or a supersession, of Capital Volume 1.
Far from the latter being the case, the concepts of “accumulation” and of
“reproduction” are rather strongly confirmed and reinforced, and in the same
sense as they were introduced in Volume 1.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Part 2 proceeds to cover
variations from the simple, typical cases, so as to prove the validity of the
general theory advanced in Volume 1.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For the purpose of
stimulating discussion on Part 2, we offer for reading its final chapter,
Chapter 17 (linked below as a downloadable file).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Note that Marx continues to
reference back to “<i>Buch I</i>” (i.e. Capital,
Volume 1).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here is a typical paragraph
from the early part of the attached or downloadable chapter:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The simplest
form in which the additional latent money-capital may be represented is that of
a hoard. It may be that this hoard is additional gold or silver secured
directly or indirectly in exchange with countries producing precious metals.
And only in this manner does the hoarded money in a country grow absolutely. On
the other hand it may be — and is so in the majority of cases — that this hoard
is nothing but money which has been withdrawn from circulation at home and has
assumed the form of a hoard in the hands of individual capitalists. It is
furthermore possibly that this latent money-capital consists only of tokens of
value — we still ignore credit-money at this point — or of mere claims of
capitalists (titles) against third persons conferred by legal documents. In all
such cases, whatever may be the form of existence of this additional
money-capital, it represents, so far as it is capital in spe, nothing but
additional and reserved legal titles of capitalists to future annual additional
social production.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is followed by a very
lengthy quotation from William Thompson in an 1850 book, and then this summary
of Marx’s:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“For
reproduction only two normal cases are possible, apart from disturbances, which
interfere with reproduction even on a fixed scale.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“There is
either reproduction on a simple scale.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Or there is
capitalisation of surplus-value, accumulation.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is what Capital Volume 2
is about: Reproduction, Accumulation, and the relation between these two.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Later on, Marx writes
directly: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“None of the
laws established with reference to the quantity of the circulating money in the
circulation of commodities (Buch I, Kap. III), [English edition: Ch. III. —
Ed.] are changed in any way by the capitalist character of the process of
production.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yet then he develops, in
various ways, a question expressed most simply as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The
capitalist class remains consequently the sole point of departure of the
circulation of money. If they need £400 for the payment of means of production
and £100 for the payment of labour-power, they throw £500 into circulation. But
the surplus-value incorporated in the product, with a rate of surplus-value
incorporated in the product, with a rate of surplus-value of 100%, is equal in
value to £100. How can they continually draw £600 out of circulation, when they
continually throw only £500 into it? Nothing comes from nothing. The capitalist
class as a whole cannot draw out of circulation what was not previously thrown
into it.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx continues to
problematise this question until the end of the chapter, and leaves some of his
questions unanswered. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For example, on the question
of the substitution of credit for gold in the process of circulation, Marx
writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“…so far as
the expediencies developing with the credit system have this effect, they
increase capitalist wealth directly, either by performing a large portion of
the social production and labour-power without any intervention of real money,
or by raising the functional capacity of the quantity of money really
functioning.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“This
disposes also of the absurd question whether capitalist production in its
present volume would be possible without the credit system (even if regarded
only from this point of view), that is, with the circulation of metallic coin
alone. Evidently this is not the case. It would rather have encountered
barriers in the volume of production of precious metals. On the other hand one
must not entertain any fantastic illusions on the productive power of the
credit system, so far as it supplies or sets in motion money-capital. A further
analysis of this question is out of place here.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We must look for those
answers in Capital Volume 3, which we will come to immediately after dealing
with the third and final Part of Capital Volume 2. These matters are crucial
for understanding the current credit crisis, or “Global Economic Meltdown”, or
recession, or bank crisis, which has been going on since 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses2/19-karl-marx-capital-volumes-2-and-3/19021%2CMarx%2CCapitalVolume2%2C1885%2CC17%2CCirculationofSurplusValue.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Chapter 17, The Circulation of Surplus Value, from Capital, Volume 2, Karl Marx">Chapter
17, The Circulation of Surplus Value, from Capital, Volume 2, Karl Marx</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-74395398756551709762015-09-06T09:31:00.001+02:002015-09-06T09:31:19.933+02:00Metamorphoses of Capital<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Capital Volume 2, Part 1</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Metamorphoses of Capital</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Having completed our course
on Volume 1 of “Capital”, we now begin Part 2. We will proceed in ten parts
through to the end of Part 3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">“The Metamorphoses of Capital and their Circuits”</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> is the title of Part 1 of Karl Marx’s “Capital,
Volume 2. A “metamorphosis” (plural “metamorphoses”) in science is a profound
change in form, such as from a tadpole to a frog or from a caterpillar to a
butterfly. [The illustration above refers to the famous story “<b><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5200" title="Kafka, Metamorphosis, on Project Gutenburg">Metamorphosis</a></b>”, by
Franz Kafka, wherein a man turns into a beetle].<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Skimming through the first
chapters of Volume 2, even though they contain some rather obscure formulas, it
quickly becomes clear that what Marx is describing are the changes and
movements that take place during the repeated acting-out of the capitalistic
relationship (i.e. sale by the working proletarian, and its purchase by the
capitalist, of commodified labour-power; extraction of surplus value; and sale
of the commodified product of labour for money). These changes and movements are somewhat
invisible to the actors, or else are only visible to them in an illusory form.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From Chapter 2:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">“So long as
the product is sold, everything is taking its regular course from the
standpoint of the capitalist producer. The circuit of capital-value he is
identified with is not interrupted. And if this process is expanded — which
includes increased productive consumption of the means of production — this
reproduction of capital may be accompanied by increased individual consumption
(hence demand) on the part of the labourers, since this process is initiated
and effected by productive consumption. Thus the production of surplus-value,
and with it the individual consumption of the capitalist, may increase, the
entire process of reproduction may be in a flourishing condition, and yet a
large part of the commodities may have entered into consumption only apparently,
while in reality they may still remain unsold in the hands of dealers, may in
fact still be lying in the market. Now one stream of commodities follows
another, and finally it is discovered that the previous streams had been
absorbed only apparently by consumption. The commodity-capitals compete with
one another for a place in the market. Late-comers, to sell at all, sell at
lower prices. The former streams have not yet been disposed of when payment for
them falls due. Their owners must declare their insolvency or sell at any price
to meet their obligations. This sale has nothing whatever to do with the actual
state of the demand. It only concerns the </span></i><u><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">demand for payment</span></u><i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">, the
pressing necessity of transforming commodities into money. Then a crisis breaks
out. It becomes visible not in the direct decrease of consumer demand, the
demand for individual consumption, but in the decrease of exchanges of capital
for capital, of the reproductive process of capital.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Different capitals compete
with one another, says Marx. The fundamental type of capital has been described
in Volume 1. Here we see “capitals”, plural, interacting with each other to
produce a secondary phenomenon – a crisis.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Later in the same Chapter
(under Part 3), Marx is very clear about the difference between “accumulation”
and “hoarding”. This is a crucial point in terms of recent SACP theory, which
has at times leant heavily on the term “accumulation”, or alternatively
“accumulation path”. Marx says:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Hence the
accumulation of money, hoarding, appears here as a process by which real
accumulation, the extension of the scale on which industrial capital operates,
is temporarily accompanied. Temporarily, for so long as the hoard remains in
the condition of a hoard, it does not function as capital, does not take part
in the process of creating surplus-value, remains a sum of money which grows
only because money, come by without its doing anything, is thrown in the same
coffer.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Accumulation” for Marx is
always the assembly of the prerequisites for the relationship “Capital” to make
it appear in the first place, or subsequently, to make it repeat, and
especially, to expand in scale. Any other kind of gathering-in, if it is not
for consumption, is “hoarding”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For a reading of part of the
original text, we offer Chapter 6, the last chapter in Part 1 of Volume 2 of
Capital (attached; see also below for a link to download this chapter). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is clear from Chapter 6
that in this Part 1, called “Metamorphoses of Capital and their Circuits”, Marx
is dealing with the Reproduction and Accumulation of capital, where
“reproduction” is accomplished by the reassembly (called by Marx
“accumulation”) of the elements of production so that the cycle of extraction
of surplus value can be re-enacted.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following quotation can
suffice to show that there is no question of Marx backsliding on the question
of surplus-value being the source of “the self-increase of capital”, as
expounded repeatedly in Volume 1:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“To the
capitalist who has others working for him, buying and selling becomes a primary
function. Since he appropriates the product of many on a large social scale, he
must sell it on the same scale and then reconvert it from money into elements
of production. Now as before neither the time of purchase nor of sale creates
any value. <b>The function of merchant’s
capital gives rise to an illusion.</b>”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The illusion is that the
self-increase in capital can be found in trading, whereas Marx continues to say
that the self-increase in capital is found in the workplace, by the extraction
of surplus labour.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses2/19-karl-marx-capital-volumes-2-and-3/19011%2CMarx%2CCapitalVolume2%2C1885%2CC6%2CTheCostsofCirculation.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Chapter 6, The Costs of Circulation, from Capital, Volume 2, Karl Marx">Chapter
6, The Costs of Circulation, from Capital, Volume 2, Karl Marx</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-43401506470117146602015-09-05T14:40:00.002+02:002015-09-05T14:40:39.801+02:00General Introduction to Karl Marx’s Capital, Volumes 2 and 3<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Capital Volumes 2 and 3, Part 0<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>General Introduction to Karl Marx’s
Capital,</b><b> </b><b>Volumes 2
and 3</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 28.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The second and third volumes
of Karl Marx's Capital will be serialised here during the fourth quarter of 2015.<br />
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We have first to consider how we will do it. These works appear difficult, and
long. We are trying to make a way to move through them without stalling. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This will not be done by
examining every detail, but it will be done in such a way as we can gain a
broad idea of the scope and direction of Marx’s intentions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Division<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fortunately, Marx’s division
of Volume 2 into three Parts, and Volume 3 into seven Parts, will allow a
convenient arrangement of the two volumes together into a “Generic Course” of
ten parts, like the other fifteen courses of the Communist University.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each Part of the two books is
further divided into several Chapters. We will not attempt to tackle each
chapter, or to amalgamate chapters. Instead, as a rule, a suitable chapter will
be chosen from each part to serve as basis for discussion, while the
Introduction will attempt to relate the chosen chapter to the entire Part.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thus, while we will not have
completed an exhaustive reading of the two works, yet we will have a much
better idea of their scope, their shape, and their trajectory, and with luck, a
good understanding of some of their highlights, or “salient points”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Those will be deemed suitable
chapters for discussion which are short enough, and written in prose rather
than relying on formulae. Otherwise, the content of the chapters will dictate
the choice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Puzzle of Volumes 2 & 3<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The major question that
arises with Volumes 2 and 3 of “Capital” is whether, as Engels wrote in his
Preface to Volume 3, they contain <i>“the
most important parts of the entire work”</i>, or whether Volume 1 remains the
essential answer to the quest for “the secret of the self-increase of capital”
- surplus value. Marx’s words, also from
the beginning of Volume 3, provide a clue:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The various
forms of capital, as evolved in this book, thus approach step by step the form
which they assume on the surface of society, in the action of different
capitals upon one another, in competition, and in the ordinary consciousness of
the agents of production themselves.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is becoming a fashion to
quote from Volume 3 in particular, sometimes in a manner that implies that a
good knowledge of Volume 1 is not enough any more, or can be “trumped” by those
with knowledge of Volume 3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">But if it is understood that
Marx’s purpose was to challenge “economics”, and not to confirm it, and thereby
to go beneath “the ordinary consciousness of the agents of production” to the
real relations that exist, then Volume 1 must remain the ruling and determinant
volume out of the three main volumes (Volume Four is Marx’s summarised reading
notes, called “Theories of Surplus Value”).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Indispensable<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nevertheless, Engels’ remarks
have some meaning, especially today, in the context of the “Global Economic
Meltdown” of 2008, and the on-going “World Economic Crisis”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Because it is in Volume 3 that
we arrive at Marx’s very clear understanding of the way that capital plays out
in the dominant public realm, and consequently in the power politics of the
day. This is what makes Volume 3 in particular such a valuable and indeed
indispensable book for today.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To consult a different study
guide, mainly composed of questions but with some fruitful links, you may go to
the <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1885-c2/guide/index.htm" title="MIA Study Guide for Capital Volume Two">MIA Study Guide for Capital
Volume Two</a></b>, and the <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/editorial/guide.htm" title="MIA Study Guide for Capital Volume Three">MIA Study Guide for Capital
Volume Three</a></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Amandla!<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">To download any of the CU courses in PDF files <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/" title="COmmunist University Courses, downloadable">please click here</a></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">.</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-77408376612908385702015-08-31T19:45:00.004+02:002015-08-31T19:45:53.038+02:00Colonialism<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1, Part 10b</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mogadishu, 1993</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Colonialism</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here we are, at the end of Capital, Volume 1, the famous and huge book
that so many people talk about and so few people read. We have read it. We are
more fit to be cadres. We are more fit to be the vanguard. What remain are only
the three last chapters (<b>attached</b>), which
are not difficult to read, although as always they challenge us to be brave and
to act, and action will never be easy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <b>Chapter 31</b> Marx states
that the origin of the industrial (not farming) capitalist is in colonialism. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The discovery of gold and silver in America, the
extirpation, enslavement and entombment in mines of the aboriginal population,
the beginning of the conquest and looting of the East Indies, the turning of
Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black-skins, signalised the
rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production. These idyllic proceedings are
the chief momenta of primitive accumulation. On their heels treads the
commercial war of the European nations, with the globe for a theatre.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“To-day industrial supremacy implies commercial
supremacy. In the period of manufacture properly so called, it is, on the other
hand, the commercial supremacy that gives industrial predominance. Hence the
preponderant rôle that the colonial system plays at that time. It was "the
strange God" who perched himself on the altar cheek by jowl with the old
Gods of Europe, and one fine day with a shove and a kick chucked them all of a
heap. It proclaimed surplus-value making as the sole end and aim of humanity.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This last describes in a single sentence, the state of affairs that
Marx's book was written to expose; and Marx did succeed in exposing “capital”
as “surplus-value making”. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yet it appears that Marx did not deal with Primitive Accumulation in the
sense that the phrase would nowadays be understood. Marx does not establish
that capitalism required a ready pile of money or its equivalent. What he
establishes is how the requisite class forces were brought into being, in
Western Europe, in the revolutions that overthrew feudalism.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is a mistake to think that a capitalist business requires “capital”
in advance, if by “capital” is meant money in the bank, or land, buildings,
equipment et cetera. It does require such things, but they do not make it a
capitalist business as opposed to any other kind of project. What makes a
business work as capitalism is a dual relationship. The first part of it is the
relationship between the worker and the capitalist. The second part is the
relationship of the capitalist with his market. If these two relationships do
not both exist, or are faulty, then a capitalist business will not survive. But
if they do exist, then the other means, including money, will probably be found
without too much difficulty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx shows clearly how the proletariat arose historically in Europe in
the 16th century. He shows how the bourgeois class arrives on the scene. He
shows how all the social building blocks including proletariat and market, are
assembled, but not the money. In any case, capital is not money, it is a
relation. Marx says so, directly, in Chapter 33. So the accumulation necessary
for capitalism is not treasure, but is an accumulation of relationships; this
is what we learn from the chapters in “Capital” on Primitive Accumulation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx does not, in Capital, make a strong distinction between slavery and
capitalism. He describes slavery candidly and without flinching from the horror
of it. But he never discusses slavery in a comparative way, as distinct from
surplus-value-extracting bourgeois-and-proletarian capitalism. Yet (bourgeois)
slavery also started in the 16th century, or slightly before, and it ran on as
an intercontinental Atlantic system for the next three hundred years, in
parallel with the early development of capitalism proper, until Marx’s time,
such that the last end of bourgeois slavery was the cataclysm of the American
Civil War, that was happening while Marx was writing Capital.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Chapter 32</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> of Capital, Volume
1 contains about 1000 words in only four paragraphs. It is a full historical
sweep from the past of slaves and serfs through present capitalism to the
future, when the expropriators will be expropriated. It resembles the Communist
Manifesto.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Chapter 33</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> is very
interesting, but in spite of its title, it is not really about colonialism.
Instead, Marx uses the example of part of one colony of the time, Australia, to
make points about capitalism and to “discover in the Colonies the truth as to
the conditions of capitalist production in the mother country”. Also note the
very last paragraph of the chapter (and the book), which says:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“We are not concerned here with the conditions of the
colonies. The only thing that interests us is the secret discovered in the new
world by the Political Economy of the old world, and proclaimed on the
housetops: that the capitalist mode of production and accumulation, and
therefore capitalist private property, have for their fundamental condition the
annihilation of self-earned private property; in other words, the expropriation
of the laborer.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“...capital is not a thing, but a social relation
between persons, established by the instrumentality of things,”</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> says Marx.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the next part, we will commence a ten-week course on Marx’s “Capital”,
Volumes 2 and 3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15103%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC31%2C32%2C33%2CCapitalist%2CAccumulation%2CColonialism.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Capital V1, C31, 32, 33, Capitalist, Accumulation, Colonialism">Capital
V1, C31, 32, 33, Capitalist, Accumulation, Colonialism</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-644195873468365052015-08-30T08:35:00.000+02:002015-08-30T08:35:02.717+02:00Home Market<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1, Part 10a<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaBhQ5puS0nrt0hGWo67kqlmUCtNAM4-AlR6XgVqbB9sNeqyWtQRRBPUrciS44Er47ghSJQThfxVArCpuyDSsFwlCOCvNe2BPlDC7mcTqbgsZTp-QjyBbdx8QAvlUvzzkIXc3mmels7u4/s1600/10a+Poverty+Map+Old+Nichol+1889.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="479" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaBhQ5puS0nrt0hGWo67kqlmUCtNAM4-AlR6XgVqbB9sNeqyWtQRRBPUrciS44Er47ghSJQThfxVArCpuyDSsFwlCOCvNe2BPlDC7mcTqbgsZTp-QjyBbdx8QAvlUvzzkIXc3mmels7u4/s640/10a+Poverty+Map+Old+Nichol+1889.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Poverty map of part of London,
1889; darker areas show slums or “rookeries”</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Home Market</span><span style="font-size: 28pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx's first concern in his
description of Primitive Accumulation is to establish where the labour power
came from, in the metropolitan countries where capitalism was established as a
system for the first time, and where it eventually proved itself to be even
more profitable than the slave trade that stole people from Africa and worked
them to death on plantations in North and South America and in the Caribbean
islands.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The expectation that the
reader brings, on seeing the phrase “primitive accumulation”, is therefore not
necessarily fulfilled. It is not the case that a hoard of money was first
created, whether by plunder or by any other means, so as to purchase the
commencement of capitalism. Rather, it was a case of piecing together the
component parts of the capitalist system, which were: the bourgeois class that
had arisen from the peasantry; the dispossessed “free labouring” proletariat,
also originally peasants; and the ready market for commodities constituted by
both of these two new classes, together.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This new abundance of
available labour-power in the metropolis, personified in citizens without
property, was the consequence of deliberate dispossession. It had the
immediate, further consequence of producing what we now call “unemployment”,
which was immediately criminalised as “vagrancy”. The unemployment was an
essential precondition for capitalism to arise, yet the bourgeoisie in its
eternal, cruel hypocrisy, criminalised its own victims.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Our text today, downloadable
via the link given below, is a compilation of Chapters 28, 29 and 30 from
Marx’s “Capital”, Volume 1. It describes a time, long ago, when the slogan
could have been “Capitalism is the future, build it now”. The elements of
capitalism were being assembled then.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chapter 28 is an easy read
detailing the legal steps in the original case, that of England.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Having shown where their
labour-power came from, Marx at the beginning of Chapter 29 asks “whence came
the capitalists originally?” This very short chapter answers the question in
the case of the capitalist farmers, who were the necessary original
capitalists, and who were already a historically-existing class in England by
the late 16th century (and from which class later came, for example, </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell on Wikipedia">Oliver Cromwell</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Chapter 30, Marx turns his
attention to the question of just how yet another of the necessary
pre-requisites of capitalism came into being, namely the “home market”. The
very same peasants who had been thrown off the land into the towns to live in
shacks had to eat, whether they were working or not, and the farms that they
had left were still the only source of food. Thus was set in motion the
relation of demand and supply, and also of concentration of industries into
“manufactories” as opposed to the family-scale production of earlier times.
These kinds of changes can still be observed as they happen, in South Africa
today.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Good images of the slums of
England, also once known as “rookeries”, the equivalent of South Africa’s
present-day “informal settlements”, less politely called “squatter camps”, are
hard to find. The illustration above is from the “Poverty Map” of part of the
East End of London, prepared by or on the orders of </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth_(philanthropist)" title="Charles Booth, on Wikipedia">Charles Booth</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">, a “philanthropist”. The red areas are "middle
class, well-to-do", light blue areas are “poor, 18s to 21s a week for a
moderate family”, dark blue areas are “very poor, casual, chronic want”, and
black areas are the "lowest class...occasional labourers, street sellers,
loafers, criminals and semi-criminals".<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Booth’s survey found that 35%
of London’s huge 1889 population of between 5 and 6 million was living in
poverty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">The above is to introduce the original reading-text: </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15102%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2CC28%2C29%2C30%2C1867%2CExpropriated%2CFarmer%2CandHomeMarket.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Capital V1, C28, 29, 30, Expropriated, Farmer, and Home Market">Capital
V1, C28, 29, 30, Expropriated, Farmer, and Home Market</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-10720194301014265452015-08-29T23:10:00.003+02:002015-08-29T23:10:56.169+02:00Expropriation<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1, Part 10<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ_q62w90iE41jEHZei73cRmkgHlwHqxSMiqpXnx8tHzsbFD93rE30gKgUisRfbFCghW6shdFi0Z8_SsUUzvIfljaKST7NWtT8wDULa2sJUA1Ql3bUa9SzvsjAlCvftI85aacK4ZkdcDw/s1600/10+Cato+Manor.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ_q62w90iE41jEHZei73cRmkgHlwHqxSMiqpXnx8tHzsbFD93rE30gKgUisRfbFCghW6shdFi0Z8_SsUUzvIfljaKST7NWtT8wDULa2sJUA1Ql3bUa9SzvsjAlCvftI85aacK4ZkdcDw/s400/10+Cato+Manor.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cato Manor, 1960</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Expropriation</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the first of the two vivid
chapters 26 and 27 on primitive accumulation (attached), Karl Marx describes
what is required to be in place before the system of surplus value can start
pumping, and reproducing itself. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As Marx says, the myths
around this origin are many, but the truth is written in blood and fire, the
ruin of the feudal system, and the destruction of the semi-feudal,
semi-bourgeois guilds in the towns of Western Europe. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These revolutions made
possible the existence of “free labourers”, which is to say people with no
means of production or subsistence, who must sell their only possession – their
labour power – in order to survive from day to day. These are the working proletariat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">According to Marx, the
capitalistic era began in the 16th century, but he does not say that capitalism
was dominant or hegemonic at that time. Many of the bourgeois institutions that
are nowadays taken as part of capitalism, such as double-entry book-keeping,
banks, stock and bond markets, insurance, contract law and global freight
navigation, were first developed under late feudalism, but especially in the
17th century, in the service of the big, bourgeois, transcontinental business
of slavery, which is very different from capitalism.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">How the “free labourers”
historically came into existence is exemplified in the second of the two
chapters, where Marx takes the “classic form” of this process as being that of
England, starting from the 16th Century (i.e. 1501 to 1600). Clearly, the
creation of the proletariat was contemporary with the slave trade, while the
latter was dominant. Capitalism only began to supersede and to actively
suppress slavery after it had matured during the period 1500 to 1800, or in
other words, not until after the “industrial revolution” of the late 18th
Century, in England and in Scotland.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The process of eviction of
people from the land is popularly known in England as “the enclosures” and in
Scotland as the “Highland clearances”. To South Africans, one can say that the
book describes processes of dispossession that are familiar even up to the
present time. In the case of the Highlands of Scotland, one can also read that
game parks (called deer forests) were replacing settlements of people from two
centuries ago. The same thing is happening today in South Africa under cover of
“green ecology”, and not only with game parks, but also with golf estates and
horse-riding establishments.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With Chapter 27, it is not
necessary to understand every local term, or to remember every local event.
What is applicable still is the class struggle that underlay it all, the
victorious bourgeoisie that came out on top, and the great, dispossessed,
working proletariat that was left as the principal basis for capitalist
extraction of surplus labour from then onwards - but also as capitalism’s
inevitable gravedigger.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Picture</span></u></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">
Brutal force, as in Cato Manor, 1960, is what has enabled the expropriation of
land.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text: <b><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15101%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC26%2C27%2CPrimitiveAccumulation%2CExpropriation%2CCapital.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Marx, Capital V1, C26, 27, Primitive Accumulation, Expropriation, Capital">Capital
V1, C26, 27, Primitive Accumulation, Expropriation, Capital</a></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-51053725693902798002015-08-23T10:38:00.002+02:002015-08-23T10:38:32.091+02:00Unemployment<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1,
Part 9a</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjicvKpqf7RcZ5so8oMyOW4-eJc-k0CdFk6w2PRCGHlxajTSdcAInVyswMUW9gMl6ps3A-4sYDej5fXnDGuB36-NtOGYPfri89ADb7VAspIdS9se3CuCutvD6j2q1eqQIbletY1fefHJGs/s1600/09a+BlackMiner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjicvKpqf7RcZ5so8oMyOW4-eJc-k0CdFk6w2PRCGHlxajTSdcAInVyswMUW9gMl6ps3A-4sYDej5fXnDGuB36-NtOGYPfri89ADb7VAspIdS9se3CuCutvD6j2q1eqQIbletY1fefHJGs/s400/09a+BlackMiner.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Unemployment</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 36.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Chapter 25 of Marx’s Capital, Volume 1, called <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch25.htm" title="Chapter 25 of Capital, Volume 1, on MIA">The General Law of Capitalist
Accumulation</a></b>, is about the effects of Capital on the workforce.</span><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch25.htm#S3" title="Section 3 of Chapter 25">Section 3</a></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> of Chapter 25 is
concerned with what we nowadays refer to as Unemployment. Marx argues very
directly and very convincingly in this section that unemployment is a
necessary, constant, conscious and deliberate part of the capitalist system. He
writes:</span><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“The over-work of
the employed part of the working-class swells the ranks of the reserve, whilst
conversely the greater pressure that the latter by its competition exerts on
the former, forces these to submit to overwork and to subjugation under the
dictates of capital. The condemnation of one part of the working-class to
enforced idleness by the overwork of the other part, and the converse, becomes
a means of enriching the individual capitalists”.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the light of what Marx says here, it can be argued that all
protestations from bourgeois democrats that they are intending to provide
"jobs" for all of the unemployed are false.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Early in this chapter, Marx writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“[The]
accelerated relative diminution of the variable constituent, that goes along
with the accelerated increase of the total capital, and moves more rapidly than
this increase, takes the inverse form, at the other pole, of an apparently
absolute increase of the labouring population, an increase always moving more
rapidly than that of the variable capital or the means of employment. But in
fact, it is capitalistic accumulation itself that constantly produces, and
produces in the direct ratio of its own energy and extent, a relativity
redundant population of labourers, i.e., a population of greater extent than
suffices for the average needs of the self-expansion of capital, and therefore
a surplus-population.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In other words, whatever may
be the intention, it is capitalism itself that creates unemployment. The stories
about the birthrate being too high, the immigration too much, the rand too
high, the interest rate too high, et cetera, are wrong. The truth is that
unemployment is intrinsic to capitalism, as much as employment is.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Although we are obliged to do
everything possible to increase employment and to reduce unemployment, yet
there is eventually no escape from unemployment within the capitalist mode of
production.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What is required, as Marx
wrote in “Value, Price and Profit”, is “abolition of the wages system”, and the
wages-system’s replacement with another mode of production.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Picture:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> A South African mine worker (AP).</span><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15092%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC25%2CSection3onUnemployment.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Capital V1, C25, Section 3 on Unemployment">Capital V1, C25, Section 3
on Unemployment</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-73612540224896618342015-08-22T20:39:00.000+02:002015-08-22T20:39:19.439+02:00Reproduction and Accumulation of Capital<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1,
Part 9</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6lnzgOu2ibhkEZnV9exoDMSGHka6niy7nWMEG2PZu7Fd8ewdUOKJ2H89GREs6sLGCBFcKV154ccvPHRXqnjXDX4V4gXVMpT9WwsCmaSVrFAlBMQbnZ-9O2GXUnk4McsZh8W0ggIcuuQw/s1600/09+Black+Women+Welders.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6lnzgOu2ibhkEZnV9exoDMSGHka6niy7nWMEG2PZu7Fd8ewdUOKJ2H89GREs6sLGCBFcKV154ccvPHRXqnjXDX4V4gXVMpT9WwsCmaSVrFAlBMQbnZ-9O2GXUnk4McsZh8W0ggIcuuQw/s1600/09+Black+Women+Welders.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Women workers (welders), USA, 1940s</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Reproduction
and Accumulation of Capital</span><span style="font-size: 28pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The conversion of a sum of money into means of
production and labour-power, is the first step taken by the quantum of value
that is going to function as capital. This conversion takes place in the
market, within the sphere of circulation. The second step, the process of
production, is complete so soon as the means of production have been converted
into commodities whose value exceeds that of their component parts, and,
therefore, contains the capital originally advanced, plus a surplus-value.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thus Marx describes the working of capitalism, and he goes on to
describe this cycle as the origin of capital. As chapter 23 goes on, Marx
describes the position of the working class in terms that are easy to
understand today. This chapter of Capital speaks of what has in recent years
been referred to as the “accumulation path”. Marx concludes Chapter 23 by
saying:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Capitalist production, therefore, under its aspect of
a continuous connected process, of a process of reproduction, produces not only
commodities, not only surplus-value, <b>but
it also produces and reproduces the capitalist relation; on the one side the
capitalist, on the other the wage-labourer</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">And he begins Chapter 24 by saying:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Hitherto we have investigated how surplus-value
emanates from capital; we have now to see how capital arises from
surplus-value. Employing surplus-value as capital, reconverting it into
capital, is called accumulation of capital.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Later on, Marx writes that the result of capitalistic production is
threefold:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“that the product
belongs to the capitalist and not to the worker;<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“that the value of
this product includes, besides the value of the capital advanced, a surplus-value
which costs the worker labour but the capitalist nothing, and which none the
less becomes the legitimate property of the capitalist;<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“that the worker
has retained his labour-power and can sell it anew if he can find a buyer.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This, and the subsequent, is material that is familiar and widely
accepted today. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“Accumulate,
accumulate! That is Moses and the prophets!”</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> says Marx.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15091a%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC23%2CSimpleReproduction.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Capital V1, C23, Simple Reproduction">Capital V1, C23, Simple
Reproduction</a>, and <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15091b%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC24%2CConversionofSurplusValuetoCapital.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="C24, Conversion of Surplus Value to Capital">C24, Conversion of Surplus
Value to Capital</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-77123876675318756822015-08-10T09:27:00.001+02:002015-08-10T09:27:12.042+02:00Wages<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1,
Part 8a</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Wages</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Part VI of Karl Marx’s Capital, Volume 1 is devoted to wages. We will
use the first three chapters, 19, 20 and 21 in this section (<b>attached</b>). The short Chapter 22, on
international differences in wages, is one of the very few chapters from Volume
1 that we will leave out of this course, but you can still read it on the
Marxists Internet Archive, <b><a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch22.htm" title="Chapter 22 of Marx's Capital on MIA">here</a></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On the first page of Chapter 19 Marx says, among other things, that the <i>"value of labour… is an expression as
imaginary as the value of the earth”</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The commodity that is exchanged by the worker for money is not Labour,
but Labour-Power. After that, the entire product of the worker’s labour during
the contracted time belongs to the boss, without any “compensation”. The
product of the worker’s labour is greater than the payment given for the
worker’s labour-power. The difference is surplus-value. The extraction of
surplus-value from workers in this way is the defining characteristic of
capitalism.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Through these three chapters on wages Marx continues to discuss this
basic point in different ways. The minimum price of labour-power is that which
is sufficient to keep the worker going until the next day. Or, it may be
calculated over a worker’s lifetime, as Marx demonstrates here, and divided out
to give an average day-rate. In all cases, including piece-work, the capitalist
pays only for labour-power, and at the minimum price that will ensure the
return of the worker to the workplace, next day.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx finishes Chapter 21 by declaring that if, under piece-work, the
workers think they can get more by producing more, the boss will remind them
quickly of the true relationship, which is not payment for labour, or for the
product of labour, but only payment for maintenance and reproduction of the
worker’s labour power.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The capitalist rightly knocks on the head such
pretensions as gross errors as to the nature of wage-labour. He cries out
against this usurping attempt to lay taxes on the advance of industry, and
declares roundly that the productiveness of labour does not concern the
labourer at all.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The image </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">above is a
photograph of one of the striking workers in the 1968 “<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Sanitation_Strike" title="1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike, on Wikipedia">Memphis Sanitation Strike</a></b>”.
Their union was AFSCME. Martin Luther King went to Memphis, Tennessee to show
solidarity with the strikers, who were badly paid, badly treated, not
recognised and racially discriminated against. King was shot dead by an
assassin at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, where he was staying while
supporting the strike.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15082%2CKarlMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC19%2C20%2C21%2CWages.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Marx, Capital V1, C19, 20 and 21, Wages">Capital V 1, C19, 20 and 21,
Wages</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-91805857758765767512015-08-09T17:31:00.005+02:002015-08-09T17:31:49.216+02:00Absolute and Relative<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1, Part 8</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Absolute
and Relative</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chapters 16, 17 and 18 of Marx’s Capital Volume 1 (<b>attached)</b> have very interesting things to say about absolute and
relative Surplus-Value, and the old political economists’ mistakes about it.
Here are some of the points made by Karl Marx:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Capitalist production is not merely the production of
commodities, it is essentially the production of surplus-value. The labourer
produces, not for himself, but for capital. It no longer suffices, therefore,
that he should simply produce. He must produce surplus-value. That labourer
alone is productive, who produces surplus-value for the capitalist, <b>and thus works for the self-expansion of
capital</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The production of absolute surplus-value turns
exclusively upon the length of the working-day; the production of relative
surplus-value, revolutionises out and out the technical processes of labour,
and the composition of society. It therefore pre-supposes a specific mode, the
capitalist mode of production, a mode which, along with its methods, means, and
conditions, arises and develops itself spontaneously on the foundation afforded
by the formal subjection of labour to capital. In the course of this
development, the formal subjection is replaced by the real subjection of labour
to capital.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Assuming that labour-power is paid for at its value,
we are confronted by this alternative: given the productiveness of labour and
its normal intensity, the rate of surplus-value can be raised only by the
actual prolongation of the working-day; on the other hand, given the length of
the working-day, that rise can be effected only by a change in the relative
magnitudes of the components of the working-day, viz., necessary labour and
surplus-labour; a change which, if the wages are not to fall below the value of
labour-power, presupposes a change either in the productiveness or in the
intensity of the labour.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Bourgeois economists instinctively saw, and rightly
so, that <b>it is very dangerous to stir
too deeply the burning question of the origin of surplus-value</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Capital, therefore, is not only, as Adam Smith says,
the command over labor. It is essentially the command over unpaid labor. All
surplus-value, whatever particular form (profit, interest, or rent), it may
subsequently crystallize into, is in substance the materialization of unpaid
labor. <b>The secret of the self-expansion
of capital</b> resolves itself into having the disposal of a definite quantity
of other people's unpaid labor.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15081%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC16%2C17%2C18%2CAbsoluteandRelativeSurplusValue.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Capital V1, C16, 17, 18, Absolute and Relative Surplus Value">Capital
V1, C16, 17, 18, Absolute and Relative Surplus Value</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-68390255507655238312015-08-04T11:24:00.003+02:002015-08-04T11:24:20.885+02:00Machinery<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Marx’s
Capital Volume 1, Part 7b</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAhyphenhyphen8gLy9SrkojaFgfS-B37pZuscGkbAd_iuH7twOtmRMLEbF4IFVcBr0honZZJm4fTZeqFxKTfKho-Uf8Q10j5357TvbiScZdQYwmMWMJdwzOt_ch6c9MpfzSM4n_GRrb8_swCsIIH2s/s1600/07b+Comintern.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAhyphenhyphen8gLy9SrkojaFgfS-B37pZuscGkbAd_iuH7twOtmRMLEbF4IFVcBr0honZZJm4fTZeqFxKTfKho-Uf8Q10j5357TvbiScZdQYwmMWMJdwzOt_ch6c9MpfzSM4n_GRrb8_swCsIIH2s/s1600/07b+Comintern.gif" /></a></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comintern</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Machinery</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx begins
this great chapter on “Machinery and Modern Industry” (<b>attached</b>; download linked below) by developing the idea of division
of labour in manufacture, to the division of processes among machines.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“A real machinery system, however, does not take the place of these
independent machines, until the subject of labour goes through a connected
series of detail processes, that are carried out by a chain of machines of
various kinds, the one supplementing the other. Here we have again the
co-operation by division of labour that characterises Manufacture; only now, it
is a combination of detail machines.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“As soon as a machine executes, without man's help, all the movements
requisite to elaborate the raw material, needing only attendance from him, we
have an automatic system of machinery, and one that is susceptible of constant
improvement in its details.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Modern Industry had therefore itself to take in hand the machine, its
characteristic instrument of production, and to construct machines by machines.
It was not till it did this, that it built up for itself a fitting technical
foundation, and stood on its own feet. Machinery, simultaneously with the
increasing use of it, in the first decades of this century, appropriated, by
degrees, the fabrication of machines proper. But it was only during the decade
preceding 1866, that the construction of railways and ocean steamers on a
stupendous scale called into existence the cyclopean machines now employed in
the construction of prime movers.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Modern Industry raises the productiveness of labour to an extraordinary
degree, [but] it is by no means equally clear, that this increased productive
force is not, on the other hand, purchased by an increased expenditure of
labour. Machinery, like every other component of constant capital, creates no
new value, but yields up its own value to the product that it serves to beget.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The long
last paragraph of Section 4 is a denunciation of the horrors of the factory system.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Section 5
shows the brutal effect of machinery on the working class from the beginning of
machine-working, which effects have been felt all along and still are felt
today, two centuries after the “industrial revolution”. Marx was an eye-witness
to a great expansion of this system and a true witness of its terrible
consequences for the working class.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To read the
valuable sections of this chapter that have not been included in the PDF,
please go to:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch15.htm">https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch15.htm</a></span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<ul style="margin-top: 0mm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15073%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC15%2CMachineryandModernIndustry.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Marx, Capital V1, C15, Machinery and Modern Industry">Capital V1,
C15, Machinery and Modern Industry</a></span>.</b><b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></li>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-1240471478975310422015-08-03T16:06:00.003+02:002015-08-03T16:06:31.346+02:00Division of Labour<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1,
Part 7a</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqm014RT3Gr6MsbayL0HIRDXx5PDNSgvrfMIm0oWfHK3jkA5JDdfgk5Lr85iAXeg5KXkVehFIWrXzOe-DndPk05eliFVOa7-wJtG6ZjKa_c6zlIcsNVf2vZJ50CXr0U6JSao74aCKGQ0E/s1600/07a+Crane+Cover.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqm014RT3Gr6MsbayL0HIRDXx5PDNSgvrfMIm0oWfHK3jkA5JDdfgk5Lr85iAXeg5KXkVehFIWrXzOe-DndPk05eliFVOa7-wJtG6ZjKa_c6zlIcsNVf2vZJ50CXr0U6JSao74aCKGQ0E/s400/07a+Crane+Cover.gif" width="300" /></a></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Division
of Labour</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Karl Marx makes use of the original distinction between <b>Manufacture</b>, meaning the organised
co-operation of many workers in a single workshop, and <b>Industrial Production</b>, which is the same, but with powered
machinery. In modern usage, this distinction is not always clear. Marx in his Chapter
14 (<b>attached</b>) says this:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“That co-operation which is based on division of
labour, assumes its typical form in manufacture, and is the prevalent
characteristic form of the capitalist process of production throughout the
manufacturing period properly so called. That period, roughly speaking, extends
from the middle of the 16th to the last third of the 18th century.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The rest of Section 1 of this chapter is a description of division of
labour under the early form of capitalism: Manufacture.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Then, in Section 2, Marx describes the effect on an individual or
“detail labourer”, and on production, as a consequence of division of labour.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Section 3, Marx looks at the gain that is made when serial production
can be achieved, as opposed to batch or individual piece production.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The different detail processes, which were successive
in time, have become simultaneous, go on side by side in space. Hence,
production of a greater quantum of finished commodities in a given time. [11]
This simultaneity, it is true, is due to the general co-operative form of the
process as a whole; but Manufacture not only finds the conditions for
co-operation ready to hand, it also, to some extent, creates them by the
sub-division of handicraft labour. On the other hand, it accomplishes this
social organisation of the labour-process only by riveting each labourer to a
single fractional detail.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Section 4, Marx compares division of labour in a factory, with
division of labour in society.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Section 5 is a readable essay on division of labour as treated by the
bourgeois Political Economists, including Adam Smith.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In short, this is another chapter of “Capital” that you can conquer
without difficulty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Image</span></u></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Walter Crane was a 19<sup>th</sup>-century artist who
illustrated many socialist pamphlets. This particular work was done for May
Day, the Workers’ Day, in 1895.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15072%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC14%2CDivisionofLabourandManufacture.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Capital V1, C14, Division of Labour and Manufacture.">Capital V1, C14,
Division of Labour and Manufacture<span lang="EN-ZA">.</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-23709390456053016452015-08-02T20:10:00.004+02:002015-08-02T20:10:36.636+02:00Co-operation<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1,
Part 7</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiNaVRotDby_eNFe1IeKTphIABHtGAG2h42t6oxd2Vsrh5I-FaeDP-mNJmyFsRey70l4eDc5nFLl5XnlOZ1wGKgoUZqqFEDaC7UvWpw3o_xHo9JH44TUCVrQgP_KnF6X69xrFANfEKImM/s1600/07+Karl+Marx+Head.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiNaVRotDby_eNFe1IeKTphIABHtGAG2h42t6oxd2Vsrh5I-FaeDP-mNJmyFsRey70l4eDc5nFLl5XnlOZ1wGKgoUZqqFEDaC7UvWpw3o_xHo9JH44TUCVrQgP_KnF6X69xrFANfEKImM/s1600/07+Karl+Marx+Head.jpg" /></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Co-operation</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chapters 11, 12 and 13 of Capital, Volume 1 (attached; download linked
below) which follow the enormous Chapter 10, are short, and require little
introduction, because they are straightforward. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">They are plain enough to provide plenty of material for study-circle
discussion, especially if there are people with work-experience present.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Note that the co-operation that Marx writes about here is co-operation
in general, whereby people work together under a capitalist. It is not about
"co-ops" as such.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following two excerpts demonstrate how well Karl Marx understood the
workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rate and Mass of Surplus Value<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Within the process of production, capital acquired
the command over labour, i.e., over functioning labour-power or the labourer
himself. Personified capital, the capitalist, takes care that the labourer does
his work regularly and with the proper degree of intensity. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Capital further developed into a coercive relation,
which compels the working-class to do more work than the narrow round of its
own life-wants prescribes. As a producer of the activity of others, as a
pumper-out of surplus labour and exploiter of labour-power, it surpasses in
energy, disregard of bounds, recklessness and efficiency, all earlier systems
of production based on directly compulsory labour. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“At first, capital subordinates labour on the basis of
the technical conditions in which it historically finds it. It does not,
therefore, change immediately the mode of production. The production of surplus
value — in the form hitherto considered by us — by means of simple extension of
the working day, proved, therefore, to be independent of any change in the mode
of production itself. It was not less active in the old-fashioned bakeries than
in the modern cotton factories.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Co-operation<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“When numerous labourers work together side by side,
whether in one and the same process, or in different but connected processes,
they are said to co-operate.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“By the co-operation of numerous wage-labourers, the
sway of capital develops into a requisite for carrying on the labour-process
itself, into a real requisite of production. That a capitalist should command
on the field of production, is now as indispensable as that a general should
command on the field of battle.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The directing motive, the end and aim of capitalist
production, is to extract the greatest possible amount of surplus-value, and
consequently to exploit labour-power to the greatest possible extent. As the
number of the co-operating labourers increases, so too does their resistance to
the domination of capital, and with it, the necessity for capital to overcome
this resistance by counterpressure. The control exercised by the capitalist is
not only a special function, due to the nature of the social labour-process,
and peculiar to that process, but it is, at the same time, a function of the
exploitation of a social labour-process, and is consequently rooted in the
unavoidable antagonism between the exploiter and the living and labouring raw
material he exploits.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15071%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC11%2C12%2C13%2CSV-Absolute%2CRelative%2CCo-operation.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Capital V1, C11, 12, 13, SV - Absolute, Relative, Co-operation">Capital
V1, C11, 12, 13, SV - Absolute, Relative, Co-operation</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-80679347118624620732015-07-27T17:20:00.001+02:002015-07-27T17:20:06.609+02:00All bounds broken down<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1,
Part 6a</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOiIT33LHO8Lwo2ZTAE_ANZDjmLQ2OT6IDRYqvEesn0WY8Urv1sMQgE4EM3ZYsfCUeO0hqGIi10S-rNMIzp9pQqtf7hicGHiJZboLbq9EP7BBPC3iZDQJGtdrLBNXW2VDvIXcZyqLMBMo/s1600/06a+Factory%252C+1886%252C+Johnson+Johnson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOiIT33LHO8Lwo2ZTAE_ANZDjmLQ2OT6IDRYqvEesn0WY8Urv1sMQgE4EM3ZYsfCUeO0hqGIi10S-rNMIzp9pQqtf7hicGHiJZboLbq9EP7BBPC3iZDQJGtdrLBNXW2VDvIXcZyqLMBMo/s320/06a+Factory%252C+1886%252C+Johnson+Johnson.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Innocent-looking factory</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">All
bounds broken down</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the previous three sections of Chapter 10 of Capital, Volume 1, Karl
Marx is concerned to show the unrestrained pressure for the <i>“unnatural extension of the working day”</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“Capital cares nothing for the length of life of
labour-power. All that concerns it is simply and solely the maximum of
labour-power, that can be rendered fluent in a working-day. It attains this end
by shortening the extent of the labourer's life, as a greedy farmer snatches
increased produce from the soil by robbing it of its fertility,”</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> says Marx.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In a notable aside in <b>Section 5</b>
on slavery, Marx remarks: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“once trading in slaves is practiced, become reasons
for racking to the uttermost the toil of the slave; for, when his place can at
once be supplied from foreign preserves, the duration of his life becomes a
matter of less moment than its productiveness while it lasts. It is accordingly
a maxim of slave management, in slave-importing countries, that the most
effective economy is that which takes out of the human chattel in the shortest
space of time the utmost amount of exertion it is capable of putting forth.”</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx uses this remark on slavery to compare with capital, which he finds
equally careless of life, and narrates how workers were terrorised into
accepting these terrible conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <b>Section 6</b>, Marx records: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“After capital had taken centuries in extending the
working-day to its normal maximum limit, and then beyond this to the limit of
the natural day of 12 hours, [98] there followed on the birth of machinism and
modern industry in the last third of the 18th century, a violent encroachment
like that of an avalanche in its intensity and extent. <b>All bounds of morals and nature, age and sex, day and night, were
broken down</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is the Section that contains Marx’s account of the Chartists, some
of whom he had befriended, and of their campaign for a Ten Hour Day.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">At the beginning of <b>Section 7</b>
Marx writes, in case we should forget: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“The reader will bear in mind that the production of
surplus-value, or the extraction of surplus-labour, is the specific end and
aim, the sum and substance, of capitalist production, quite apart from any
changes in the mode of production, which may arise from the subordination of
labour to capital.”</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This section, two pages long, summarises the chapter on The Working Day,
while also mentioning the US agitation for the 8 Hour Day, and the support it
got from the International Working Men’s Association (the First International)
of which Marx had been the founding Secretary.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Working Day is a readable, prose chapter. Anyone can understand it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Image:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Johnson and
Johnson factory, USA, 1886<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-text:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15061b%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC10%2CTheWorkingDay%2Cparts5to7.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Marx, Capital V1, C10, The Working Day, parts 5 to 7">Capital V1,
Chapter 10, The Working Day, parts 5 to 7</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-40903142966221853522015-07-26T20:40:00.000+02:002015-07-26T20:40:35.711+02:00Force Decides<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1, Part 6</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUpuYdtDDHdbH8gJuK-A0fSjz7NL8VO8apEVUaTW9Q9G18YzK5_0sQ9qdozTZ-xt3RTJkwMchqMX-s5h2I0NtbPPG0Yy6vTVVyt4-fdj9twOAwhfV0FjNSPIwMwn3uAc__0WvBRxH-lVg/s1600/06+Wedding+Cake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUpuYdtDDHdbH8gJuK-A0fSjz7NL8VO8apEVUaTW9Q9G18YzK5_0sQ9qdozTZ-xt3RTJkwMchqMX-s5h2I0NtbPPG0Yy6vTVVyt4-fdj9twOAwhfV0FjNSPIwMwn3uAc__0WvBRxH-lVg/s640/06+Wedding+Cake.jpg" width="513" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Force Decides</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Capital, Volume 1 has 33
chapters. After Chapters 1, 2 and 3, on Commodities, Exchange and Money, and
after Chapters 4 and 5, on the general form of Capital, the remainder of the
book is a continuous development of the concept of Surplus-Value. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are two main
interruptions to this steady tempo, however. One is the long Chapter 10, called
“The Working Day”. We will divide this big chapter into two. Please find
attached, or download, and read Parts 1 to 4 of Chapter 10 via the link given
below.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some notes on “The Working Day”<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx ends the first section of the Chapter on “The Working Day” thus: <b><i>“Between
equal rights force decides.”</i></b> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In present-day “human rights” parlance, the opposite is held to be the
case, but Marx is certainly correct. Capitalism is brutal. Equal “human” rights
are a fiction in class-divided society.</span><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“Between equal rights force decides. Hence is it that
in the history of capitalist production, the determination of what is a working-day,
presents itself as the result of a struggle, a struggle between collective
capital, </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">i.e., <i>the class of capitalists,
and collective labour, </i>i.e., <i>the
working-class.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the second section, Marx generalises the concept of Surplus Labour to
all class-divided societies, thus:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“Capital has not invented surplus-labour. Wherever a
part of society possesses the monopoly of the means of production, the
labourer, free or not free, must add to the working-time necessary for his own
maintenance an extra working-time in order to produce the means of subsistence
for the owners of the means of production, [7] whether this proprietor be the
Athenian ***** ******** [well-to-do man], Etruscan theocrat, </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">civis Romanus<i>, Norman baron, American slave-owner,
Wallachian Boyard, modern landlord or capitalist.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Section 3 turns back to the most capitalist country that Marx knew,
England, and tells stories of terrible horror having to do with people being
worked to death, including the well-known story of Mary-Anne Walkley, 20 years
of age when she died.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Section 4, called Day and Night Work, deals with the “relay system”,
summed up as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“The prolongation of the working-day beyond the limits
of the natural day, into the night, only acts as a palliative. It quenches only
in a slight degree the vampire thirst for the living blood of labour. To
appropriate labour during all the 24 hours of the day is, therefore, the
inherent tendency of capitalist production,”</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> says Marx.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The vampire thirst of capital for the living blood of labour is still in
evidence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Illustration</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">: The “Wobbly”
(IWW) version of the poster originally called “The Czar’s Wedding <br />
Cake”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-texts:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15061a%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC10%2CTheWorkingDay%2Cparts1to4.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Marx, Capital V1, C10, The Working Day, parts 1 to 4">Capital V1,
Chapter 10, The Working Day, parts 1 to 4</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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DomzaNethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13986863954730842699noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7839818456699675501.post-7531923438094519702015-07-20T20:20:00.001+02:002015-07-20T20:20:23.880+02:00The Rate of Surplus Value<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Marx’s Capital Volume 1, Part 5a</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA386cq76XFAkjHIf_yP5s96f1z0VbWHldxppI7GlONPqyQxyHUNMrH3N5OL3wcwDGOdvOpCa-w69xKM5U_0lcGJ87-joR6PXFrMy17KJDB3udkSzzXhrrXAEcp-5hoBUzp08Jm2TUbHo/s1600/05a+Peterloo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA386cq76XFAkjHIf_yP5s96f1z0VbWHldxppI7GlONPqyQxyHUNMrH3N5OL3wcwDGOdvOpCa-w69xKM5U_0lcGJ87-joR6PXFrMy17KJDB3udkSzzXhrrXAEcp-5hoBUzp08Jm2TUbHo/s640/05a+Peterloo.jpg" width="580" /></a></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre on Wikipdia">Peterloo Massacre, 1819</a></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The
Rate of Surplus Value</span><span style="font-size: 36pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Karl Marx’s “Capital” is not a hasty book. It proceeds at a measured pace,
with a degree of repetition. Some parts appear difficult, only to yield up
their secrets at a second reading without a struggle.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The chapter on the Rate of Surplus Value (attached; download linked
below) is a good example of all this. At first reading it appears dense. It
appears to contain new things unconnected to what has gone before, or to what
comes afterwards. Yet nothing could be further from the truth: In this chapter
are re-stated some of the simplest, basic relationships, derived from the
earlier chapters, and explicitly anticipating Volume 3 of the great work.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Let us pick out some of the easier passages. Marx begins with a
“tautology” – a truism, or statement of the obvious, but one that has to do
with “the expansion of capital”, the secret of which is the key to the entire
work. Marx writes:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Since the value of the constituent elements of the
product is equal to the value of the advanced capital, it is mere tautology to
say, that the excess of the value of the product over the value of its
constituent elements, is equal to the expansion of the capital advanced or to
the surplus-value produced. Nevertheless, we must examine this tautology a
little more closely.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Soon he puts down an important working definition, “constant capital”.
Important because similar formulations, but with different meanings, are used
in bourgeois accounting. Marx says:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Throughout this Book therefore, by constant capital
advanced for the production of value, we always mean, unless the context is
repugnant thereto, the value of the means of production actually consumed in
the process, and that value alone.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Constant” is the companion of “variable” capital, which is the capital
advanced for labour. Says Marx:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“From what has gone before, we know that surplus-value
is purely the result of a variation in the value of v, of that portion of the
capital which is transformed into labour-power; consequently, v + s = v + v, or
v plus an increment of v. But the fact that it is v alone that varies, and the
conditions of that variation, are obscured by the circumstance that in
consequence of the increase in the variable component of the capital, there is
also an increase in the sum total of the advanced capital.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Returning to constant capital, Marx says that for the sake of particular
calculations, it may be taken out of the equation. Marx did not live to see
something called Value Added Tax (VAT) but if he had, he would have recognised
the same move. In the calculation of VAT, that portion of money advanced that
does not increase, is removed out of the calculation. Marx put it thus:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“At first sight it appears a strange proceeding, to
equate the constant capital to zero. Yet it is what we do every day. If, for
example, we wish to calculate the amount of England's profits from the cotton
industry, we first of all deduct the sums paid for cotton to the United States,
India, Egypt and other countries; in other words, the value of the capital that
merely re-appears in the value of the product, is put = 0.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Then at once Marx reminds us of the importance of the constant and
apparently inert part of the capital. This is where he refers to “the third
book” (Volume 3), which was not actually published until after he died, and
which deals among other things with the “tendency of the rate of profit to
fall”, the discovery of which depends upon these simple preliminaries:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Of course the ratio of surplus-value not only to that
portion of the capital from which it immediately springs, and whose change of
value it represents, but also to the sum total of the capital advanced is
economically of very great importance. We shall, therefore, in the third book,
treat of this ratio exhaustively. In order to enable one portion of a capital
to expand its value by being converted into labour-power, it is necessary that
another portion be converted into means of production.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are more definitions in this chapter. Here is what Marx means by
“necessary” labour-time, and incidentally, the reason why capitalists pay their
labourers:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“That portion of the working-day, then, during which
this reproduction takes place, I call "necessary" labour-time, and
the labour expended during that time I call "necessary" labour [5]
Necessary, as regards the labourer, because independent of the particular
social form of his labour; necessary, as regards capital, and the world of
capitalists, <b>because on the continued
existence of the labourer depends their existence also</b>.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here we return to the key of the book: Surplus Value, the secret of the
self-increase of capital, which Marx says “has all the charms of a creation out
of nothing”. It’s what the capitalist loves and constantly seeks:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“During the second period of the labour-process, that
in which his labour is no longer necessary labour, the workman, it is true,
labours, expends labour-power; but his labour, being no longer necessary
labour, he creates no value for himself. He creates surplus-value which, for
the capitalist, has all the charms of a creation out of nothing. This portion
of the working-day, I name surplus labour-time, and to the labour expended
during that time, I give the name of surplus-labour.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marx gives a simple procedure:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“The method of calculating the rate of surplus-value
is therefore, shortly, as follows. We take the total value of the product and
put the constant capital which merely re-appears in it, equal to zero. What
remains, is the only value that has, in the process of producing the commodity,
been actually created. If the amount of surplus-value be given, we have only to
deduct it from this remainder, to find the variable capital. And vice versa, if
the latter be given, and we require to find the surplus-value. If both be
given, we have only to perform the concluding operation, viz., to calculate
s/v, the ratio of the surplus-value to the v variable capital.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The second part of this chapter consists of examples. If time is short,
it can safely be skipped. The third part, containing Nassau W. Senior’s theory
of the “last hour” is easier.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This gentleman Mr Senior also appears in “Theories of Surplus Value”,
sometimes called “Capital Volume 4”, which is Marx’s distilled notes from his
exhaustive study of all the preceding writers about political economy, the
study that allowed him to arrive at a confident position of scholarly
authority.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The arguments that Senior proposes are very far-fetched, yet one would
not be surprised to hear such things from employers of today, and we still rely
on Marx to refute them.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The last section is a transitional paragraph leading into the next great
chapter, which is almost a book by itself: Chapter 10, “The Working Day”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Illustration: </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Peterloo
Massacre, Manchester, England, 1819. A crowd of 60,000-80,000 gathered for a
protest rally against unemployment and poverty. They were then charged by
soldiers on horseback (cavalry) and cut down with sabres, killing 15 and
injuring up to 700.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The above is to
introduce the original reading-texts:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/cu2012courses/15-karl-marx-s-capital-volume-1/15052%2CMarx%2CCapitalV1%2C1867%2CC9%2CTheRateofSurplusValue.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1" title="Marx, Capital V1, C9, The Rate of Surplus Value">Capital V1, Chapter 9,
The Rate of Surplus Value</a></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></b></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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